B  14  501  137 


TE 


'Y, 

*rs-  U.S.A. 


^  J 


SAWS: 


THE   HISTOKY,   DEVELOPMENT,   ACTION,    CLASSIFICATION    AND 
COMPARISON  OF  SAWS  OF  ALL  KINDS. 


WITH  APPENDICES 


CONCERNING  THE  DETAILS  OP  MANUFACTURE,  SETTING,  SWAGING 

GUMMING,  FILING,  ETC.  ;  CARE  AND  USE  OF  SAWS;  TABLES 

OF  GAUGES;   LOG  MEASUREMENTS;   LISTS  OF  SAW 

PATENTS,  AND  OTHER  VALUABLE 

INFORMATION. 


PROFUSELY  ILLUSTRATED. 


BY  ROBERT  ,GRIMSHAW,  Pn.D. 

Member  of  tin-  Franklin  Institute;  of  the  Socit-te  dcs  Ingenieurs  Civils  (Tin-is;;  ..f  tlin  Anicrii  an  Society 
of  M'cclianic-Hl  E  '{jineei-s,  cti-. 


or  THE 
UNIVERSITY 

OF 


PHILADELPHIA: 

CLAXTON,  REMSEN  &  HAFFELFIX(JKR, 

G24,  ()2(i  AND  028  MARKET  HTKKKT, 

LONDON  :     E.  &  V.  N.  Si-ox,  4S  (1jiAi;iX(i  Cuoss. 

1880. 


I5Y 
ROBERT  GRIMSHAW 

IN  THE  YEAR  l88o. 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  literature  of  the  saw  considered  as  a  tool  is  very  meager,  al- 
though there  are  a  few  not  altogether  impartial  treatises  on  wood- 
working machinery,  by  leading  manufacturers  and  others.  Since  Hol- 
xappfel,  in  1846,  there  has  been  nothing  of  importance  written  on  the 
subject.*  .But  in  this  work,  and  at  that  date,  the  band  saw  is  dis- 
missed with  a  few  lines;  the  mulay  was  uninvented,  or  unknown; 
inserted  tooth  circular  saws  not  dreamed  of;  the  M-tooth  shown  as  a 
curiosity,  and  the  dimensions  and  working  capacity  of  the  circular  and 
other  saws,  correct  as  they  were  for  that  date,  would  make  the  present 
reader  smile.  Saws  are  now  much  thinner,  have  better  teeth,  are  of 
better  steel,  and  run  at  double  the  speeds  there  laid  down.  Mr. 
Joshua  Rose,  in  a  lengthy  article  in  the  Polytechnic  Review,  IW..  1876, 
went  quite  thoroughly  into  the  action  of  certain  kinds  of  saw  teeth ; 
and  his  intelligent  articles  on  straightening  plates  were  the  first  accu- 
rate and  complete  published  matter  on  that  subject.  From  these 
sources  the  author  has  drawn  liberally  and  in  some  cases  literally. 

The  writer  has  tried  to  be  thorough  and  impartial.  Naturally  his 
personal  knowledge  of  some  makes  of  saws  (notably  in  the  lines  of 
cross-cuts,  hand-saws  and  circulars)  is  greater  than  others ;  some  makers 
and  users  were  much  more  liberal  and  detailed  in  giving  data  than 
others,  and  if  their  saws  receive  greater  prominence  than  the  others,  it 
is  not  the  writer's  fault  nor  intention,  and  can  be  remedied  in  case  a 
second  edition  be  called  for.  There  are  many  cases  in  which  informa- 
tion was  refused  after  repeated  requests. 


*  Since  writing  the  above,  and  after  this  work  was  partly  printed,  the  author's  col- 
league upon  the  Wood  Working  Machinery  Jury  of  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1878, 
Prof.  Exuer,  of  the  Vienna  Practical  High  School,  has  issued,  in  the  German  lan- 
guage, a  very  exhaustive  treatise  on  Saws  and  Sawing  Machinery  (Hand  Page  mul 

yii  je 


INTRODUCTION. 


The  collection  of  material  for  such  a  work  is  at  once  amusing  and 
annoying.  The  most  contradictory  opinions  and  most  impossible  data 
are  met  with.  In  the  matter  of  horse  power,  as  engineers  differ  so 
largely  as  to  the  rating  of  boilers  and  engines,  it  is  not  remarkable  that 
steam  users  should  differ  or  err  in  their  calculations.  It  is  not  com- 
mon to  apply  dynamometers  to  sawing  machinery ;  and  as  this  book  is 
not  on  sawing  machinery,  and  as  the  power  required  differs  so  with 
the  condition  of  the  lumber  and  the  form  and  sharpness  of  the  saw 
teeth,  etc.,  we  may  let  that  go  for  a  time,  and  say  to  users  of  machines, 
"  A  little  too  much  belt  power  is  about  enough." 

Unless  specially  stated  otherwise,  the  figures  and  statements  in  this 
work  refer  to  American  practice. 

The  author  begs  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  the  following 
gentlemen  and  firms  for  friendly  aid  in  furnishing  data,  granting  inter- 
views and  answering  detailed  questions  in  person  or  by  letter.  Those 
marked  with  an  asterisk  furnished  engravings : 


American  Saw  Co.* 

E.  Andrews.* 

Anoka  Lumber  Mills. 

Henry  L.  Beach. 

E.  M.  Boynton.* 

Chapin  &  Barber. 

Curtis  &  Co.* 

Henry  Disston  &  Sons.* 

Eau  Claire  Lumber  Co. 

W.  T.  Ellis. 

Emerson,  Smith  &  Co.* 

J.  A.  Fay  &  Co.* 

Frey,  Schechler  &  Hoover, 

Eberhard  Faber. 

W.  W.  Giles.* 

R.  Hoe  &  Co. 

J.  R.  Hoffman. 

Lane  &  Bodley.* 

London,  Berry  &  Orton.* 


W.  C.  Margedant. 
A.  G.  McCoy.* 
F.  McDonough. 
Wm.  McNiece.* 

D.  B.  McRae. 

N.  Y.  Belting  and  Packing  Co. 
Nicholson  File  Co.* 
P.  Pryibil. 
Richardson  Bros. 
Joshua  Rose.* 

E.  Roth. 
Snyder  Bros. 

X.  W.  Spatilding  &  Co.* 
Stearns  Manufacturing  Co.* 
Geo.  Tiemann  &  Co.* 
Trump  Bros.* 
Waterous  Engine  Works. 
Wyman,  Buswell  &  Co. 


Some  engravings  and  information  arrived  too  late  for  use  here,  but 
will  be  used  and  dulv  acknowledged  should  another  edition  be  called 
for. 


TO  MY  GOOD  FKIEND, 


CONSULTING     ENGINEER;     ANCIEN     £LEVE    DE     L'^COLE 

POLYTECHNIQUE ;   SECRETARY  OF  THE  SOCIETY 

OF  CIVIL  ENGINEERS,  PARIS,  &c.; 


MY    COLLEAGUE    ON    THE    INTERNATIONAL    JURY    OF 
AWARDS,  AT  THE  UNIVERSAL  EXPOSITION  OF  1878 : 


IN  FRIENDLY  RECOLLECTION  OF  OUR  HARMONIOUS  WORK 

TOGETHER,  AND  IN  APPRECIATION  OF  HIS  VARIED 

ATTAINMENTS,   HIS  ADMIRABLE   SOCIAL 

QUALITIES,  AND  HIS  WELCOME 

HOSPITALITY, 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DEDICATED. 


INDEX. 


[Illustrations  marked  (*).    "  Saw  "  abbreviated  ».] 


Adaptability  of  teeth  to  various  work *12, 18 

Adjustable  backed  B *34 

Anglo  of  teeth,  generic 11 

Air  pump  s 34,  *39 

Albion  mill,  chisel  bit  saw  in 72 

Alphabetical  list  of  U.S.  saw  patent* 154 

AMERICAN  SAW  Co.— circular  a.  72,  *75,*76,  *87, 
153,  inserted  teeth.cutting  action  of  72,*75 
perforated  circ.  8.  *87,  perforated  inserted 

tooth  circ.  s 72,  *76 

American  gang  sash  machine face  *22 

Ancient  Greek  carpenters'  s It 

Anvil,  sawmakers' *103 

Ancient  set *126 

ANDREWS,  E. — climax  cross-cut  *40,  feather  edge 
jig  *48,  gang  sash  *23,  increment  tooth 
mill  saw  *20,  increment  circular  59,  *61, 

tests  of  his  circular  saw 153 

Angles  of  circular  s.  teeth  *58,  59,  of  tooth 11 

Architecture,  American,  influenced  by  jig  saw..    48 

Arctic  saw •. 43 

Armstrong's  spiral  s 10 

Asiatic  g 11 

Attachment  of  inserted  teeth 78 

Atwist *106 

Axes,  waste  in  cutting  with 10 

Back  guide  for  band  s , 89 

Backed  saws  *33,  lengths,  gauges,  fineness 30 

Baldridge,  J.  W.  &  Co.,  their  circular  B 153 

Baltic  country,  saws  for 82 

BAND  SAW  10,  83,  back  guide  for  89,  brazing  of 
blades  141,  *142  blades,  strength  of,  158, 
cutting  action  87,  date  of  first  83,  economy 
of  86,  feed  88,  feeding  up  hill  *88,  files  for 
115, 118,  for  hard  wood  90,  for  soft  wood 
90,  friction  of  blades  88,  gang  90,  gauges 
of  92,  guidance  of  85,  88,  gullets  90,  heat- 
ing of  85,  joining  blades  141,*142,  kerf  of 
85,  92,  packing  of  88,  rake  of  90,  set  of  88, 
scroll  s.  *89,  scroll  sawing  85,  scroll  re- 
saw  *90,  *91,  superseding  jig  43,  tension 
of  85,  88,  throat  room  86,  tires  for  pulleys  84 

'Barber"  tooth 58 

Barrel-shaped  s 10 

Barrel-head  s.  (see  concave  *.) 

Bartlett  cross-cut *47 

Bath-stone,  teeth  for *12 

Bauer,  C.  A.,  circular  saw  tests  by 153 

Belt  saw  (see  band  *.) 
Bevel  (see  cross  angle.) 

Blacksmiths' s *112 

BLADES,  buck  saw  *49,  scroll  s.  *48,  feather  edge  *48 

Blocking  hammer *103 

Blocking  saws *104, 105 

Blunt  end  file 120,  *122 

Bolter,  Stearns'  eight  saw  lath *72 

BONE,  circular  s.  for  *65,  saw  for  34.  *35,  proper 

teeth  for 18 

Bostwick's  emery  gummer 135,  *139 

Borax  water  for  brazing 141 

Brass,  circular  s.  for 65 

Brazing  band  s.  blades 141 

BRAZING,  tongs  for  *142,  borax  water  for 142 

Briar  teeth 31 

Britannia  metal,  circ.  8.  for 65 


Brooke  movable  tooth  circular  s 72,  *74 

Bronze  s 9 

Brown's  inserted  tooth *77 

Boynton  Brothers  fast  cutting 159 

BOYNTON  M-tooth  saws,  *17,  *36,  *42,  sawset *127 

Brunei  inv.  circ.  s 63 

Buckled  saws 102 

BUCK  SAW  *50,  American  *51,  *52,  Andrews' 

steel  spring  *60,  blades *49 

Butting  saw 24,26 

Button  s 8!i 

"  Buzz  "  gaw  (see  circular  s.) 


California,  sawing  in. 56 

Carcase  s 33 

Care  and  use  of  circ.  s 105, 106, 107 

Carib  s 9 

CAPACITY  of  gang  sash  22,  of  saw-ru  ills  and  pow- 
er to  run  them  150,  of  single  sash 21 

Centre-bound  circular 102 

CHAIN  SAWS  10,  Stohlmann's  novel  *94,  Tie- 
mann's  concave  cutting  *92,  Tiemann's 

convex  cutting *93 

Chamber,  dust 14,  78 

Chambering  (see  gumming). 

Champion  cross-cut *45 

Chapin  &  Barber's  remarkable  sawing 77 

Chatter,  prevention  of 16 

Chest  s 30 

CHISEL-BIT  circ.  s.  *73,  duty  of  at  the  Albion 

Mill  on  West  Coast 72 

Chloride  of  zinc,  to  make 141 

Cincinnati,  tests  of  circ.  s.  in  1874 17, 153 

CIRCULAR  SAWS,  10, 12, 53,  Am.  tendency  to  thin 
59,  angle  at  which  they  meet  the  mate- 
rial 57,  *58,  in  California  56,  care  and  use 
of  *108,  centre-bound  102,  concave  *67, 
cooling  81,  for  cross-cutting  57,  cutting 
action  *87,  date  of  first  53,  diameter  and 
gauges  66,  107,  mandrel  holes  66,  dished 
(see  concave,),  dishing  *107,  double  *56, 
dust  chamber  78,  economy  86,  eight- 
toothed  *53,  filing  and  care  of  59,  *118,  in 
Southern  States  66,  for  gas  burner  slits 
62,  for  general  work  *64,  grinding  67,  for 
gold  pen  slits  *62,  64,  guidance  54,  guide 
lines  on  *70,  for  hard  wood  *64,  heating 
of  61,  for  hemlock  58,  in  Holland  53,  hor- 
izontal for  shingle  54,  kerf  54,  largest  62, 
making  *56,  lath  57,  mandrel  holes  158, 
Millers'  53,  ingot  for  97,  right  and  left 
handed  67,  *68,  for  ripping  *64,  for  screw 
heads  62,  mode  of  toothing  64,  for  teles- 
cope makers  62,  three  high  for  redwood 
logs  56,  throat  68,  78,  for  various  mate- 
rials 65,  velocity  of  55,  56,  for  veneers  61, 
*63,  for  weather  boards  *53,  rim-bound 
102,  rim  tapering  61,  for  pine  58,  seg- 
mental  *62,  size  of  work  for  56,  smallest 
in  world  *62,  speed  of  taper  61,  surgical 
*65,  side-cutting  shingle  157,  .side  guide 
*54,  solid  toothed  53,  for  screws  58,  speed 
of  55, 56,  wabbling  of  54  (see  also  manufac- 
ture of  saws  ;  ca  <-e  andltse  of  circulars). 


INDEX. 


CIRCULAR  SAW  TEETH  *12,  action  of  top  and  bot- 
tom *58,  angles  of  *58,  59,  choice  of  56, 
fewest  numberof  66,  for  cross-cutting  *64, 
filing  118,  gauge  for  119,  gumming  118, 
inclination  53,  57,  number  for  wood  65, 
rake  57,  spacing  53,  set  53,  varieties  of  *64, 
Andrews'  increment  59,  *61,  Barber's  58, 
Gridley's  59,  *60,  Knowles'  69,  *61  (see 
also  inserted  teeth)  cracks  in  79,81,  expan- 
sion of  79— 81,  perforated 87 

Clamps  for  saw  filing Ill,  *117 

Classification  of  s.  10,  of  straight  s 20 

Cleaner  teeth  37,  *38,  gauge  tor *114 

Clearer  teeth  (see  cleaners) 37 

Clemson's  inserted  tooth *77 

Climax  cross-cut,  Andrews'  *40,  Disston's *41 

Clogging 20 

Close  teeth 14 

Contest,  sawing  at  Cincinnati  in  1874 17 

Cooling  circular  s 81 

Combination  s 30,  *31 

Comb  cutters'  s 33,*34 

Colsen's  ius.  tooth  circ.  s *77 

COMPASS  s.  30,  *34,  McNiece's    *31,   lengths, 

gauges  and  fineness  of. 30 

Cone  bushing,  adjustable,  for  circ.  8 82 

"Conqueror"  swage ..*129 

Continuous  acting  s 10 

Continuous  s.  (see  band,  chain,  circular,  rotary) 

Corundum,  sawing  into  blocks 167 

Cost  of  running  inserted  teeth 69 

Cracks,  preventing 79,  *80,  81 

Cross  angle 12,  *16,  *112,  *113 

Cross-cutting,  Boyntou's  rapid 159 

Cross-cutting  teeth  for  circ.  s 57 

Cross-cut  teeth *12 

CROSS-CUTS  *12,  *32,*36,  37,  *39,  *40, 41,  *42,  *43, 
*44,  *45,  *46,  *47,  *64, 114, 159,  blanks  for 
98,  for  wood  13,  file  114,  *115,  gullets  of 
37,  gumming  38,  iugot  for98,  object  of  36, 

for  one  man  *32,  perforated 40,*43,44 

Crown  s 82 

CUTTING  ACTION  of  circ.  s.  *87,  of  band  s.  *87,  of 

inserted  tooth  circ.  s *75 

Cutting,  greatest  economy  in 57 

Cut,  push 18 

Curtis  &  Co.,  their  circ.  s 153 

Curvilinear  s.  (see  band,  circ.,  chain,  cylinder). 

Cylindrical  (see  cylinder). 

Cylinders 10,  *82,  *83 

"  Deal  frame  " 22 

Detachable  back  s 33;  *34 

Diamond  tool,  Emerson's *14 

tooth  cross-cut *39 

DIRECTIONS  FOR  ORDERING  circ.  s.  145,  shingle  s. 

145,  concave  s 145 

Dished  circulnrs  67  (see  concave). 

Dishing  saws *102 

Doghead  hammer *102, 103 

Dom  Pedro,  tests  before 159 

Double  cutting  s „ 20 

cutting  circ.  s 55 

edged  s 36,  49 

circular  mill,  Lane  &  Bodley's *56 

DISSTON'S  cleaner  gauge  *114,  cross-cuts*39,*40, 
*41,*42,  enlarging  circulars  81,  filing  ma- 
chine "120.  files  120,  *122,  inserted  teeth 
*77,  kinds  of  circ.  s.  teeth  *64,  saw  set....*m 

Double-ended  files *121,  *122,  119, 120 

Dovetail  s 10,  33 

Drag  sawing  machine,  Giles  *29,  Stearns *24 

Drags 24,  26,  *28 

Dry  lumber,  causes  heating 61 

Dust  chamber 14  78 

Duty  of  Hoe's  chisel  bit 72 

ECONOMY  of  band  r.  86,  of  circular  s.  86,  of  mu- 

lay  B 86 

Egyptian  8 9 

Eight-toothed  circ _  *63 


EMERSON,  inserted  tooth  circ.  58, *77,*71,  swage 

*130,  diamond  tool *140 

Emerson,  Ford  &  Co's  circular 153 

EMERSON,  SMITH  <t  Co.,  cost  of  running  their 

planer  toothed  saws  69,  swage m *130 

Emery  wheels  hardening  saw  plates 137 

truing 137,  *140 

gummer 134 

English  cn»s-ciit *12 

Enlarging  circ.  s.,  Disston's  patent 81 

Expansion  of  circulars 79 

Faber's  smallest  circ.  s.  in  the  world *62, 64 

Farmer's  drag  s 28 

Fast  cutting 159 

FAY  &  Co's  band  scroll  s.  *89,  mulay  scroll  s.*25 
circ  resaw  *72,  reciprocating  resaw  *20, 

baud  resaw *S8 

"Feather  edge"  blades *48 

Feeds 17,21 

FEED  for  circular  110,  shot  gun  78,  of  band  s.  88, 

of  ins.  teeth  circ.  s 81 

FILES,  expense  for  69,double-ender*121,*122,  for 
hand-saw  119,*121,*122,  for  band  saw  115, ' 
118,  gumming  with  131,  *132,  knob  end 
*122,  lumberman's  *1 15,  machinists'  *121 
124  (see  Appendix  III,  p.  111). 
FILING  saws  111,  circular  s.  59,  *118,  machines 

*119,  *120,  *123,  M-teeth  19,  shingle  saws  118 

Fine-grained  woods,  teeth  for 18 

Fire-wood,  drag  s.  for *28 

Hat  pitched  teeth 11 

Flattening  saws 100 

Fleam  (see  cross-angle) 

Fleetwood  fret  saw *48 

Flexible-bladed  s 18 

Flints 9 

Frame  s.  (see  sash  saw) 21 

Froesaw : 20 

Fret  saws 43,  *48,  *49 

Friction  of  band  s.  blades..; 88 

Front  rake *14, 15 

GANG  band  s.  89,  sash  s.  22,  *23,  Andrews'  in- 
crement toothed  s *23 

sash,  WicKes' face    22 

Gate  s.  (see  sash  s.) 21 

Gas-burner  slits,  circularfor 62 

GAUGES  of  band  saws  92,  of  concave  s.  67,  of  mu- 
lay s.  24,  for  measurement  *143,144,  of  ta- 
per and  parallel  s.  30,  of  inserted  tooth  s.    72 
Gig  s.  (see  jiff). 

Giles  drag  saw  machine *29 

Gin  saw 158 

Gold  pen  slits,  circular  s.  for *62,  64 

Greek  s 9, 11 

Greeley,  H.,  opinion  of  sawyers 157 

"Great  American"  cross-cut *40,  *115,*116,  *117 

Gridley  teeth 59,  *60 

GRINDING  saws  100,  circular  s.  67,  *107, 54,  cross 

cuts 100 

Guided  s. 20 

GUIDANCE  of  band  s.  85, 88,  of  circ.  s 54 

Guide  lines  for  circ.  s *7o 

for  filing  circ.  s „ *123 

Gulleting 37,  131 

Gullet  tooth *113 

GULLKTS  of  band  s.  90,  of  cross-cuts  37,  perfo- 
rated  81,  *87 

GUMMING,  37,  81, 131,  bad  *138,  with  file  *132, 
presses  for  *99,  *133.  *134,  by  spiral  lines 
132,  cost  of  81,  cross-cuts  38,  when  needed  *138 

GUMMER,  emery  *134,  *139,  rotary *134 

Gummy  materials,  teeth  for 18,  56 

Half-moon  teeth *12,  31 

Half-rip._ 30 

Hammers,  blocking  and  sharpening..*102,  *103, 113 

HAMMERING  saws 102,*105,  *106,*107 

Hand  rip  saw. 20,  28,  31 


INDEX. 


Hammer  setting 126 

HAND-SAWS  *12,  *16, 112,  114,  classification  of 
30,  cutting  action  of  *34  files  for  119.  *121, 
*122,  for  ice  32,  filing  truly  *35,  lengths, 
giui^es,  fineness  30,  ingots  for  96,  teeth  of 

*16,  testing 100 

Hand  sawing,  distribution  of  power 34 

Hand  rip 20 

Handled  saws 20 

Hardness  of  inserted  teeth 72 

HAHD  WOOD,  circ.  s.  teeth  for  56,  *57,  band-saw 

for  90,  teeth  for  18,  *64,  *157,  feed  for 21 

Hardening  saw  plates 100 

HEATING  of  bands  85,  of  circ.  s 79,  61,  80 

Heavy  saws *15 

Hemlock,  teeth  for 17,58 

HOE  &  Go's  circular  saws  72,  *73,  153,  inserted 

tooth  *77,  mill  s.  tooth *21 

Hogan  &  Snowden,  test  of  their  circ.  s 153 

Holland,  circ.  s.  in 53 

Honing 114 

Hook 118 

Horizontal  circ.  s.  for  shingles 56 

Humphrey's  inserted  tooth *77 

Ice  saws 18,  32,  43 

Inches  graduated  to  centimetres 144 

Inclination  of  teeth  of  circulars 57,  53 

INCREMENT  TEETH  22,  23,  *20,  28,  34,  59,  An- 
drews' gang  sash  *23,  gang  sash *23 

INGOTS  96,  for  cross-cuts  *98,  for  circular *97 

Inventor  of  saw 9 

Iron,  circ.  s.  for 65 

INSERTED  TEETH  (se*  under  circ.  s.),  date  of  72, 
action  of  72,  ad  vantages  of  67,  attachment 
of  78,  Am.  Saw  Go's  72,  *76,  Brooke's  72, 
chisel  bit  *73,  cost  of  running  69,  date  of 
first  72,  Emerson's  58,  duty  of  Hoe's  72, 
for  New  Zealand  or  Canada  69,  gauges  of 
72,  hatdness  of  72.  kerf  by  72,  perforated  . 
72,  *76,  rectangular  sockets  72,  remark- 
able sawing  by  77,  sawing  by  69,  spacing 
79,  Spaulding's  81,  wear  of  *71,  weight  of 

72,  on  west  coast  72,  various *77 

Italian  wood  sawyer. 157 

IVORY,  circular  s.  for  65,  teeth  for 18 

Japanese  s *17,  18 

Jig 24,43 

Jig  s.,  influence  of. 48 

Joining  band  saw  blades *141, 142 

Joiners'  s *12 

Jones  tooth 108,  *110 

Jumping  (see  swaging). 

Kellogg,  Sawyer  &  Co.  output 158 

KERF  of  band  s.  85,  92,  of  circ.  s  54,  57,  of  in- 
serted teeth 72 

Keyhole  saws *17, 18, 19,  30,  31 

Keystone  saw  works 95 

cross-cut *39 

Knob-end  files *122 

Knots  17,  to  cut  through 114 

Knowles'  circ.  s.  tooth 59,  *61 

Krauser's  inserted  tooth *77 

Lane  &  Bodley's  side  guide  for  circ.  s *54    I 

double  circ.  mill *56 

LATH  machine  57,  Stearns' 24    ! 

Lath  bolter,  Stearns' eight  saw *72    | 

Lightning  cross-cut  teeth *19, 159 

Link  g.  (see  chain). 

Lippincott's  inserted  tooth #77    | 

Littlepage's  planer  bit  circ.  s *79    | 

Loaf  sugar  circ.  s 65    i 

Lock  g 31    j 

Lockwood's  slotted  circ.  s 79,  *80    j 

Logs  for  mulay 24 

Loose  places 105,  *106    I 

LUMBERMAN'S  cross-cut  file  *39,  clipper,  remark-  j 

able  sawing  by  77,  file 114,  #115 


Lumber  measurements,  table  of. 147 

Machinists'  files 124 

Mahogany,  teeth  for 62 

Mandrel  holes  for  circ.  s 158, 166 

Manufacture  of  saws *95  et  seq. 

McCoy,  A.  G.,  remarkable  sawing  by 77 

McNiece's  compass  saw 31 

Measurements  of  logs,  tables  for 145 

Metal-saw  teeth *12, 18,  65,  *112 

Mexican  s 9 

Microscope  rack  s 34,  *39 

Milling  cutter  for  gumming 131,  #135 

MILL  SAW,  Hoe's  tooth *12,*18,19,  *20,*21,*112 

Miller's  inserted  tooth  circ.  s 53,  *77 

Miter  s 30,  *33 

Moist  material,  teeth  for 56 

Movable  teeth  (see  inserted  teeth) #17,  #18,  *19 

M  TEETH  *17,*18,  19,  of  1846  50,  *12,  35,  #36, 

*112,  twin  clipper 37 

Mtihlsiige  (see  mulay). 

MULAY  SAW  20,  22,  24,  25,  economy  of. 86 

Muley  s.  (ste  mulay). 

Muriate  of  zinc  (see  zinc) 141 

Neale's  inserted  tooth  #77 

Newberry,  Wm.,  original  band  s 83,  #84*,85 

Niphonese  s 18 

Obsidian  s 9 

Ohlen,  James,  trial  of  his  circ.  s 153 

Oldham's  rules  for  ordering  ingots 96 

One  man  cross-cut  s ,., #32 

Ordering  saws,  directions  for 145 

Original  saw 9 

band  s.  of  Wm.  Newberry #83,  *84,#85 

Output 158 

Oversetting 17 

Overhang,  Andrews'  mode  of  giving 22 

Packing  of  band  s  teeth 88 

Panel  s.,  lengths,  gauges,  fineness 30 

Parallel  s  ,  lengths,  gauges,  fineness 30,  33 

teeth #114 

Peg  tooth, #13,  #12,*112 

Perdrix 9 

PERFORATED  circular  s.  72,  81,  #87,  cross-cut  40, 
*43,*44,46,47,  gullets  *87,  inserted  tooth 

for  circular  s...  . #76 

Perin,  father  of  the  band  s.  92,  test  of  band  s. 

blades 158 

Peripheral  tooth  line  for  circ.  s 97,  #99 

Pine,  teeth  for 58 

PIT  SAW  36,  teeth  for  *12,  sharpening 113 

Pitch  of  tooth 11 

"  Planer  bits  " 68,  #71 

Planer  bit  circ.  s.,  Littlepage's #79 

"Plows"  (see  cleaners) 37 

Points 11 

Polishing  circ.  s 101 

POWER  REQUIRED  for  10,000  feet  of  lumber  a  day 
152,  for  band  resaw  152,  for  band  scroll  s. 
151,  for  60-inch  circ.  through  a  hemlock 
log  152,  for  drag  butting  151,  for  gang 
sash  s.  150,  for  jig  s.  151,  for  mulay  e  151, 

for  single  circ.  s.  152,  for  single  sash 150 

Press  for  gumming 131,  #133, 134 

Premium  cross-cut #46 

Proud  edge 118 

Pruning  s 31,  #32,  #36,*37,*113 

hook  attachment #32 

teeth #12 

Pryibil's  uphill  feed  band  s #88 

Pull  cut  s 11,  20 

Push  cut 11,18 

Punch  (see  press) 

Rack-ciitting  s 34 

Bakes  of  teeth *14,53,#57,  #89 

Bansome's  tree-feller 24,  #27 

Behammered  circulars 137 

Beclprocating  a 10, 11,  20 


INDEX. 


Red-wood  logs,  circ.  for 56 

Remarkable  sawing  of  A.  G.  McCoy... 77 

Removable  teeth  (see  inserted  teeth). 

Resawing  squared  logs 22 

machine,  Fay's  circ.  *72,  Fay's  recip- 
rocating *20,  Fay's  band *88 

Resinous  material 56 

materials,  teeth  for 18 

Reversible  file  (see  double-ender). 
Ribbon  i.  (see  band  t.) 

Richards,  London  &  Kelly,  band  8.  tests 158 

Richards,  speed  of  circ.  s 53 

Right-  and  left-handed  circ.  8 67,  *68 

Rim-bound  circ.  s 102 

Ripping  B *64,  *12, 13,  57 

Rip  s.,  length,  gauges,  fineness 30,  *31 

Robinson's  veneer  saw 36 

Rose-wood,  teeth  for 62 

Rose,  Joshua,  illustrations  of  saw  straightening 

*102  to  *107 

Rossing  machine,  Steams' *72 

Rotary  s.  (see  circular). 

gummer. *134 

Rotating  B.  (see  circular). 

Roth's  saw  file  guide *123 

Ronnd  s 50 

Router's  s.,  double  edged 49 

Rules  to  find  the  number  of  boards  a  log  will 

produce 146 — 147 

Running  into  or  out  of  log 80 

SASH  saw  20,  33,  single,  capacity  of  21,  gang..22,  *23 

Saving  of  lumber  by  thin  sawi 69 

SAWDUST,  discharge  of  78  (see  clogging,  throat 

room). 
Saw  filing  (Appendix  III  p.  111). 

SAWING,  curved  30,  feat 77 

Saw  patents,  alphabetical  list  of. 154 

SAW  making  (appendix)  95,  plates,  Oldham's 

rule  for  96,  sets  *127,  swage  *129,  works, 

largest  in  the  world 95 

Scarf  (see  kerf). 

Scientific  use  of  s 10 

Scoring  teeth 37 

SCROLL  saw  24,*25,  43,  mulay  24,  blades  for  *48,*49 

Scroll  sawing  with  bands 85 

SCREW  heads,  circular  s.  for  62,  screw  head 33 

Segmental  circulars *63,*62,  81 

SET,  ancient  *126,  of  band  s.  88,  modern  *126, 

of  teeth  of  circular  s *53,  59 

SETTING  *15,  even,  over  17,  spring  sets *16,*125 

Sharpening  (see  filing). 

Shell  B 6 

SHINGLES,  tables  of  159,  bolts,  drag  saw  for 28 

Shingle  machine,  largest  in  the  world 56 

saws,   regrinding  necessary,  56,  filing 
118,  taper  of  55,  speed  of  Simond's...     56 

Ship  timber,  cutting  by  hand  s 85 

Shoemaker's  inserted  tooth *77 

Short.teeth 14 

Shot-gun  feed  for  cir.  s 78 

SIDE  guide  (Lane  &  Bodley)*54,  angle  *16,  file  *119 

Simond's  saws,  steam  feed 118 

SINGLE  cutting  s.  20,  sash  B 20,  22 

Surgical  circular  B *65 

Skip  tooth *12 

Skins' saws  for 83 

"Skew  back  "  rip  s *31 

Slitting  s.;(see  ripping). 

Slotted  saw,  Lock  wood's 79,  *80 

Smithing  saws loo 

Smith's  screw-head  saws 33 

Sockets  of  inserted  teeth 72 

Soft  grained  wood,  teeth  for. 16, 18 

SOFT  WOOD,  bands  for  90,  cir,  saw  teeth  for  *57, 

feed  for  *21,  teeth  for *12, 13, 18,*157 

Soldering  (see  brazing). 

Solid  toothed  circ 53 

Southern  Stales,  circular  s.  in......"...."!.!....."!.     66 

South  seas 9 

S  PACING  of  inserted  teeth  70,  of  teetii  for  circular  53 


Rectilinear  s 20 

SPAULDING'S  inserted  tooth  for  circ.  s.  *77,  *81, 

rule  for  throat  room 81 

Speed  of  circ.  s.  for  various  materials 55,65 

Spikes  cutting  off. 56 

SPIRAL  line  gumming  132,  saw 10 

Splintering 20 

Speed  of  circular 55 

SPREAD  set  for  mulay  24,  of  teeth  of  shingle  s. 

55,  set *15, 18 

Springing  of  teeth  into  work 15,  37 

SPRING  set  *16, 17, 18, 125,  strained  s. 20,  43 

Spruce,  teeth  for 17,  58 

Squared  logs,  resawing  of 22 

"Stadda" 33,  #34 

Stave  s 82 

Steam  feed *78 

STEAHNS'  rossing  machine  *72,  lath  bolter  drag 

sawing  machine *24 

Steel  for  saws 65,  95 

Stiffened  backed  saw 33 

Stone  age  saw 9 

Stohlmann's novel  chains *94 

STRAIGHT  saw,  classification  of  20,  taper  hand- 
saw   *28 

Straightening  saws...!02,  *103, 104,  *105,  *106,*107 

Strange's  inserted  tooth *77 

Straining  rods  for  buek  s.  frames #50 

Strength  of  band  s.  blades 158 

Surgical  saws *65,  *92,  *93,  #94 

Sugar  loaf,  s.  for 65 

Swages  (see  appendix) 1.8 

PAGING  *16,  128,  even 17 

Swage,  Emerson's *130 

Swedging  (see  swaging). 

Sweet,  J.  E.,  band  saw  tests 158 


Table  B 30 

TABLES  of  lumber  measurements  159,  of  shin- 
gles 159,  of  measurement  of  logs  146, 
147,  *148, 149. 

TAPER,  curved,  30,  of  saws  101,  of  shingle  saws    55 
TAPER  SAW,  handles  of,  Andrews,  *30,  lengths, 

gauges,  fineness..; 30 

Taylor  cross-cut *39 

Talus 9 

Telescopes  slits,  circ.  for 62 

TENON  s.  *33,  length,  gauges,  fineness 30 

TENSION  of  bands  85,  of  band  s 88 

Testing  hand-saws 100 

TEETH,  adaptability  to  various  work  *12, 18,  65, 
angle  of  11,  *16,  17,  18,  53,  briar  31, 
circular  *12,  14,  20,  37,  *57,  *64,  65,  66, 
cleaner  or  clearer  37,  clogging  20,  close 
14,  condition  of  71,  cross-cutting  57,  cross- 
cut 12, 13,  57,  *64,  farmers'  28,  fire-wood 
*28,  flat  pitched  11,  fine  grained  wood 
18,  gauge  for  circulais  *119,  gullet  *113, 
half  moon  *12,  31,  hook  *42,  hand-saw 
*16,  increment  *20,  28,  34,  inserted  67 
ft  trg.  78,  lengths  of  13 , 14,  lightning  18, 
*19,  mill  saw,  *12,21,  peg  *12,*13,  perfor- 
ated ins.  72,  pitch  of  11,  plows  37,  prun- 
ing 12,  rakes  of  *14, 15,  57, 89,  ripping  57, 
setting  *15, 17,  springing  15,  37,  for  shin- 
gles 28,  swaging  *15, 16, 18,  *28,  upright 
V-  11,  *13,  various  kinds  12,  13,  for  all 
the  various  materials  18, 50,  56,  *57.  *58, 
*64,  65,  *157,  wavy  cutting  38,  band  saw 
teeth,  gullets  of  90,  set  88,  amount  of  set 
for  curves  89,  for  hard  wood  90,  for  soft 

wood  90,  pitch  of. 89 

Temper  for  s 100 

TESTS  of  band  saw  blades  158,  of  circular  s.  at 

Cincinnati,  1874, 153,  before  Dom  Pedro..  159 

THICKNESS  of  mulay  24,  of  circ.  s. 64 

Thin  teeth  of  circ.  s 59 

THROAT  or  throat  room  *14,  53,  68,  78,  Spauld- 

ing's  rule  81,  of  band  B 86' 

Thrust  cut  (see  push  cut). 


INDEX. 


TIEMANN'S  CHAIN  SAW  concave  cutting  *93,  con- 
vex cutting *92 

Tight  places *106 

Tilghman's  corundum  sawing 157 

TIMBER  crop  of  America  10,  value  of  10,  waste 

of. *157 

Time  saved  by  inserted  teeth 68 

Tires  for  band  saw  machines 84 

Toothing  saws 97 

Tongs  for  brazing *142 

Tree-feller,  Kansome's 21,  *27 

Trepan  s *82 

Trephines *82 

Truing  of  emery  wheel 137 

Trump  Bros,  fret  saws *49 

Tub  a 82 

Tube  s 82 

Tuttle  cross-cut 40,  *43 

Twin  clipper  cross-cut 37.  *38 


Undercut  teeth,  filing 114 

Unguided  s 20 

Universal  s *36 

Upsetting  (see  swaging). 


VELOCITY  of  mulay,24,  of  circular  s 55,  56 

VENEER  s.,  Kobiiison's  horizontal   36,  cutting 
61,  *62,  #63. 

Victor  fret  saw *49 

V  tooth 13 

Wabbling  of  circular  s 53,  79 

WASTE  in  cutting  with  axes  10,  of  timber *155 

Wavy  cutting 38,  54 

Wear  of  ins.  teeth *71 

Web  saw 50 

Weathoboard  circ *53 

WEIGHT  of  inserted  teeth  72,  strained  s 20,  43 

Wet  wood,  teeth  for 18 

White  metal,  circular  for 65 

Wickes'  gang  sash face    22 

Wire  edge 114 

WOOD,  cross-cut  13,  number  of  circular  s.  teeth 

for  65,  saw  (see  buc*  *) *50 

Woodrough's  inserted  tooth *77 

A  M.  Parlin's  circ.  s 153 

Wrought  iron,  circ.  s.  for 65 

W  teeth 19 

Wyman,  Buswell  <fc  Go's  steam  feed 158 

Zinc,  chloride  or  muriate  of. 141 


SAWS. 


[The  present  paper  will  not  consider  in  detail  the  question  of  sawing 
machines,  but  will  be  devoted  to  the  implement  itself,  the  blade  or  saw 
proper.  Sawing  machines  will  be  thoroughly  considered  in  the  writer's 
forthcoming  work  on  Wood- Working  Machinery.] 

The  saw  is  one  of  the  most  ancient,  useful  and  familiar  of  tools. 
The  generic  term  applied  to  a  serrated  dividing  tool  is  generally  under- 
stood as  applying  to  a  saw  for  wood,  although  the  implement  is  used 
also  for  bone,  stone,  metal,  ice,  etc.*  (There  is  also  a  familiar  limita- 
tion to  a  reciprocating  hand  tool).  The  ancient  Egyptians,  far  back 
in  the  silent  centuries,  knew  and  used  this  tool,  the  material  being 
bronze,  hardened  by  an  art  now  lost.  The  Greeks,  masters  of  many 
and  far-sailing  wooden  ships  for  war  and  exploration,  deified  the 
inventor,  who  comes  down  to  us  as  Talus  or  Perdrix.  The  original 
saw  was,  doubtless,  a  flat  notched  or  jagged  piece  of  metal  like  a  nicked 
knife  blade,  having  no  special  form  of  teeth,  but  used  with  a  straight 
reciprocating  stroke,  and  for  either  ripping  or  cross  cutting.  It  cut 
On  both  strokes.  The  saws  of  the  stone  age  had  flakes  of  flint  imbedded 
in  a  wooden  blade  and  held  by  means  of  bitumen.  The  Mexicans 
used  obsidian  for  saw  teeth.  The  South  Sea  Islanders  employ  sharks' 
teeth,  and  the  Caribs  use  notched  shells. 

*  Stone  sawing,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  word,  is  not  sawing,  but  abrasion  in  a 
narrow  line  by  means  of  loose  sand  or  iron  shot,  "pressed  in  by  a  reciprocating  blade, 
while  it  is  also  accomplished  by  diamonds  set  in  iron  blades.  So-called  "saws"  for 
india-rubber  and  some  of  those  for  cold  iron  rails  are  plain  unserrated  disks,  no 
more  to  be  considered  under  the  head  of  saws  proper  than  Miss  Edgeworth's  essay  on 
Irish  Bulls  among  works  on  Natural  Historyi 

a 


10  (JRIMSHAW    ON    SAU'S. 

The  saw  is  mostly  used  for  converting  wood  and  other  materials 
from  original  forms,  and  naturally  precedes  the  plane  and  other  tools, 
although  it  follows  the  ax.  It  does  its  work  with  considerable  speed 
and  accuracy.  •  In  some  elaborate  and  highly  ornamental  arts  it  is 
nearly  the  only  tool  used. 

The  importance  of  scientific  and  economical  timber-cutting  may  be 
conceded  when  it  is  asserted  that  the  annual  value  of  the  wood,  lumber 
and  timber  crop  of  America  is  a  billion  dollars  ($1,000,000,000),  or 
four  times  that  of  our  wheat  crop.  The  immense  waste  in  cutting 
timber,  with  the  millions  of  axes  now  in  use,  is  almost  incredible. 
The  tough  and  knotty  timber  and  chips  now  wasted  in  cutting  cord 
wood  might  be  saved  by  cross  cutting  with  saws  into  short  blocks,  say 
one  foot  long,  making  good  stove  wood. 

It  is  computed  that  the  saving  of  timber  and  time  by  the  scientific 
use  of  saws  would  equal  the  interest  of  the  United  States  public  debt ; 
to  say  nothing  of  lightening  the  toil  of  millions  of  farmers. 

As  we  now  know  the  saw  it  is  either  RECIPROCATING  or  CONTINU- 
OUS in  action ;  the  first  class  having  a  flat  blade  and  practically  straight 
edge  and  making  a  plane  cut ;  and  the  latter  being  either 

(1)  a  circular  rotating  disk,  cutting  in  a  plane  and  at  a  right  angle  to 
its  axis ; 

(2)  cylindrical,  or  barrel-shaped,  with  a  convex  edge,  cutting  parallel 
to  its  axis  ;  or 

(3)  a  continuous  ribbon  or  band,  running  on  two  pulleys  and  mak- 
ing a  plane  or  curved  cut,  with  a  straight  edge,  parallel  to  their  axes 
of  rotation. 

There  is  a  fourth  class,  or  spiral  saw,  composed  of  segments  clamped 
between  plates,  and  cutting  a  dovetail  joint  (Armstrong's  patent).  The 
entering  segments  cut  like  a  circular  saw ;  subsequent  segments  are 
flanged — at  first  slightly,  and  gradually  more  and  more ;  these  later 
segments  have  the  cut  of  a  cylinder  saw.  As  the  flange  wears  away 
by  filing,  the  segments  are  moved  on  towards  the  unflanged  end  of  the 
spiral. 

Between  the  Reciprocating  Rectilinear  and  the  Continuous-acting 
Curvilinear  saws  may  be -classed  the  Chain  Saw;  its  many  varieties 
having  either  one  or  two  axes,  at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of  cut ;  cut- 
ting with  either  a  concave,  a  convex,  or  a  straight  edge,  and  either 
reciprocating  or  continuous  in  action.  It  is  essentially  a  saw  com- 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS.  11 

posed  of  links  like  a  chain,  and  is  a  connecting  link  between  the  two 
other  classes. 

We  shall  consider  these  classes  in  sequence,  after  having  gone  into 
the  theory  of  the  shape,  disposition  and  action  of  saw  teeth,  as  applied 
to  the  earliest,  simplest  and  most  common  class,  that  with  reciprocating 
rectilinear  blade. 

The  blade  of  this  kind  of  saw  is  usually  a  thin  sheet  of  steel,  rolled 
evenly  thick,  having  the  teeth  then  cut  out  with  a  punch ;  the  blade 
then  smithed  or  pressed  perfectly  plane  or  flat ;  ground,  principally 
crosswise,  to  perfect  the  surface  and  reduce  the  thickness  at  the  back ; 
the  teeth  then  sharpened  and  set. 

This  class  of  saw  has  more  forms  of  teeth  than  any  of  the  others. 
Its  teeth  are  formed  at  greatly  varying  angles  and  made  to  cut  either 
way  or  both  ways ;  sometimes  one  series  of  teeth  cuts  in  one  direction 
and  another  in  the  opposite  on  the  same  blade.  In  the  first  case  the 
effective  or  cutting  stroke  is  either  by  pulling  or  •  by  pushing.  The 
carpenter's  saw  of  the  ancient  Greeks  was  a  straight  frame,  with  per- 
pendicular teeth,  and  two-handed — doubtless  cutting  both  ways. 

The  saws  of  all  Asia  do  not,  and  those  of  ancient  Greece  did  not, 
employ  the  thrust  cut,  which  gives  the  straightest  cut  and  the  freest 
from  sawdust ;  but  cut  on  the  back  or  pulling  stroke.  But  we  shall 
refer  to  this  subject  later  on,  and  consider  now  the  outline  of  the  teeth. 

It  is  necessary  to  premise  that  the  pitch  of  a  tooth  means  -the  angle 
of  the  face  up  which  the  shaving  ascends ;  not  an  interval)  as  with 
screw  threads.  Small  teeth  are  counted  in  points  to  the  inch ;  those  of 
large  saws  by  the  space  expressed  in  inches  or  in  parts  of  an  inch. 

The  real  angle  of  a  point  is  found  by  subtracting  its  back  angle  from 
its  front. 

The  generic  angle  of  saw  teeth  is  60° ;  being  that  of  an  equi- 
lateral or  "three-square"  file.  But  this  may  be  variously  placed. 
Thus,  in  Fig.  1  D  is  upright,  having  no  pitch ;  G  is  flat,  having 
plenty. 

In  the  annexed  table  of  angles  and  spaces  the  pitches  are  classified 
15°  asunder. 


12  GRIMSIIAW   ON   SAWS. 

TABLE  I. 

Simple  forms  of  saw  teeth,  from  Holzapffel. 


Peg  ;  fleam- 


B    /LMMMJVLMW     PlainM. 


Angles.       Ordinary 

spaces. 
Face.   Back.         Inches. 


90°  30°       1-1 


E/\  /\  /\  /\    /\  /\  ,     Small  cross-cut—  slight 
/    V     V     V    \/   \S     V         pitch. 


Half  Moon.  90°  35°      1—1} 

"Cross-cut"—  no  P^h.  120°  60°      S—  11 

105°  45°      i—  1 


-.-.- 
N    ' 


pitch. 

Pruningjordinarypitch 
hand-saw;  joiners; 
English  cross-cut.  90°  30°  f  —  1 

Metal  ;  mill  saw  —  soft 
wood.  750  15o  j_2 

Some  circular  saws  — 
Pit;  cross-cut;  bath 
stone.  7o°  30°  f  —  I 


90°  50° 

60°  15°  1—2 

Q    90°  30°  |— 3£ 

75°  20°  i— 3A 

>•< 

| 

S.     60°  10°  f— 33 

j         45°    5°  |-3*j 


it ;  circular. 
Pit ;  circular. 

Soft    wood ;     rip- 
ping. 


*  Sometimes  each  alternate  tooth  is  cut  out;  then  it  is  "skip-tooth." 


GRIMSIIAW    ON   SAWS. 


13 


The  peg  tooth,  Fig.  2,  has  rather  more  throat  room  than  a  V  tooth 
(Fig.  3)  of  ths  same  width  and  height,  and  less  than  if  it  were  cut 
deeper,  as  by  the  dotted  lines,  Fig.  4.  Being  generally  more  acute 
than  60°  it  could  not  be  dressed  with  either  a  three-square  or  a  flat  file 
if  in  V  shap3  ;  as  it  is,  a  flat  or  "  mill  "  file  dresses  it  admirably. 


Fig.  2.    Peg  Tooth. 


Fig.  3.    V  Tooth. 


Fig.  4.    Peg  Tooth. 

A  saw  tooth  has  two  functions— paring  and  shaping.  A  slitting  or 
ripping  saw  for  wood  has  the  cutting  edge  about  at  a  right  angle  to  the 
fiber  of  the  wood,  severing  it  in  one  place ;  the  "  throat "  of  the  tooth 
wedging  out  the  piece. 

In  a  "  cross-cut"  wood-saw,  also,  the  cutting  edge  strikes  the  fibre  at 
right  angles  to  its  length,  but  severs  it  on  each  side  from  the  main 
body,  before  dislodging  it. 

In  the  slitting  saw,  1ST,  Fig.  1,  the  "  rake  "  is  all  in  front,  where  the 
cutting  duty  is.  In  the  cross  cut,  as  D,  the  rake  is  on  the  side,  for  the 
same  reason. 

The  length  of  tooth  depends  largely  upon  the  duty  required.  A  long 
tooth  has  the  demerit  of  being  weak  and  liable  to  spring ;  the  merit  of 
giving  greater  clearance  to  the  sawdust — a  specially  valuable  feature 


14 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


in  soft,  wet  or  fibrous  woods.  It  is  certain  that  the  throat  space  in 
front  of  each  tooth  must  be  sufficient  to  contain  the  dust  of  that  tooth 
from  one  stroke.  If  (as  in  a  short  tooth)  the  space  be  not  high  enough, 
that  quality  can  be  gained  by  distance  between  the  teeth.  For  hard 


Fly.  !>.    Great  Front  Rake. 

woods,  where  long  teeth  are  inadmissible,  it  is  best  to  have  short  teeth, 
wide  spaced.     The  deeper  the  tooth  the  quicker  the  saw  wears  out. 
The  greater  the  feed  the  deeper  the  dust  chamber  required,  or  else 
the  more  teeth  needed. 


Fig.  ft.    Showing  Various  Makes  of  Teeth. 

Equal  length  of  teeth  is  of  great  importance ;  as  inequality  gives  the 
longest  teeth  the  most  work  and  lessens  the  duty  of  the  saw ;  giving 
fewer  cutting  teeth  and  dulling  them  quicker. 

Where  the  teeth  are  close,  the  shape  of  the  throat  is  of  special 
influence. 


G-R1MSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


15 


As  regards  the  tendency  of  teeth  to  spring  into  the  work :  A  form 
such  as  Fig.  5,  having  great  front  rake,  is  keen  but  liable  to  spring 
in  and  break,  especially  if  long  and  in  hard  wood.  In  Fig.  6,  tooth  1 
has  maximum  front  and  minimum  back  rake.  2  has  less  hook  but 
more  back  rake,  tending  to  spring  the  point  down  into  the  wood.  3 


has  no  front  rake  but  considerable  back ;  in  4  the  front  rake  is  less 
than  nothing  and  the  keenness  is  largely  dependent  on  the  back  edge. 

Fig.  7  is  recommended  for  heavy  saws  for  general  purposes. 

This  has  a  rake  to  the  front  of  the  point,  and  yet  the  tendency  to 
spring  in  is  compensated  by  the  backward  inclination  of  the  whole 
tooth ;  and  the  cutting  edge  is  well  supported.  There  is  ample  dust 


Fig.  8.    Spread  Set. 

room ;  the  rounding  corners  give  strength  and  immunity  from  crack- 
ing and  prevent  dust  lodging.  The  backward  inclination  (as  in  a 
planer  tool)  prevents  spring  or  chatter. 

We  may  now  consider  briefly  the  question  of  Setting,  or  bending 
the  teeth  laterally,  alternately  to  the  right  and  left ;  partly  with  a  view 
to  decreasing  friction  and  increasing  clearance,  and  partly  to  increase 


16  (iimrsHAw  ON  SAWS. 


the  cutting  action  of  the  teeth,  and  make  them  cut  rather  than  abrade. 
(The  earlier  nations  bent  the  points  of  a  dozen  or  so  of  adjacent  teeth 
to  one  side,  and  those  of  the  next  group  to  the  other.) 

" Swaging"  is  another  operation  having  the  same  objects — giving 
clearance,  preventing  binding  and  heating,  and  giving  increased  keen- 
ness to  the  teeth.  In  this  operation  each  tooth  is  npset  or  widened  at 
its  point  so  as  to  project  beyond  the  blade  at  each  side ;  differing  in 
this  respect  from  spring  setting.  See  Fig.  8. 

Swaging  or  upsetting  is  especially  beneficial  for  soft  steels  and  for 
saws  used  in  soft  wood,  as  it  condenses  and  hardens  the  metal. 

In  connection  with  spring  set  must  be  mentioned  side  or  cross 
angle;  a  bevel  or  " fleam "  given  the  edges  and  materially  affecting 


Fig.  9.    Spring  Set  and  Side  Angle. 

their  sharpness  and  the  angle  at  which  they  receive  the  strain  of 
work ;  as  also  their  retaining  their  keenness  and  set. 

Fig.  9  represents  the  magnified  teeth  of  a  common  hand  saw  with 
spring  set. 

The  front  edges  have  a  bevel  which  throws  the  strain  at  right  angles 
to  the  plane  of  that  face  (as  shown  by  the  arrows).  The  tendency  is 
to  throw  the  tooth  in  the  direction  of  its  set ;  and  any  one  tooth  hav- 
ing more  spring  set  than  the  others  will  take  undue  work;  will  dull 
sooner  and  then  spring  away  from  its  duty,  lessening  the  set  and  caus- 
ing friction  and  heating. 

A  tooth  without  fleam  or  side  angle,  Fig.  7,  has  no  side  strain,  other 
than  that  due  to  the  spring  set.  This  fleam  or  cross  angle  decreases 
with  the  thickness  of  the  blade ;  hence  while  not  fit  .for  heavy  saws 
is  proper  for  hand  saws,  which,  also,  have  a  slow  duty.  It  is  better 


GfctMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


17 


for  soft  woods,  which  are  free  from  knots,  than  for  hemlock  or  spruce, 
the  hard  knots  of  which  would 'break  fleamed  teeth. 

Referring  to  Fig.  6,  tooth  1  would  buckle  and  bend  if  given  any 
spring  set  j  3,  even  if  excessively  long,  would  admit  of  ample. 


Itd/tC 

\S&>ws. 

Fiys.  1O  and  11.    KeyJiole  Saivs. 

While  the  teeth  remain  sharp,  spring  set  tends  to  increase ;  when 
dull,  to -decrease. 

Even  setting  cannot  be  over-rated  in  importance.  The. tendency  of 
set  is  to  come  back.  Hence  it  is  sometimes  best  to  first  overset,  then 


Fig.  12  and  13.    Japanese  Saws. 

spring  back.     The  setting  should  not  be  at  a  sharp  angle  but  on  a 
curve. 

Even  Swaging  is  as  important  as  even  spring  set.     A  saw  with  the 
teeth  spread  the  full  width  of  the  kerf  will  stand  more  feed  than  if 


Fig.  14.    Boynton's  M  Tooth. 

each  alternate  tooth  be  bent  for  the  set.  Of  the  fifteen  saws  tested  at 
the  National  Sawing  Contest  at  Cincinnati,  1874,  we  believe  that  not 
one  was  "  spring  set." 


18 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


The  smaller  the  saw  the  greater  the  advantage  of  spread  over  spring 


set. 


The  operations  of  sharpening,  setting,  and  swaging  are  described  in 
detail  in  appendices  to  the  present  work. 

Metals,  bone,  and  hard  fine-grained  woods,  require  small  teeth  with 


Fig.  15.  Front  Edge  View,  allowing  two  Points  of  M  Tooth  dressed  to  cut  in  line  on  one  side  and  two  the  other 

little  or  no  set ;   ice,  and  soft  coarse-grained  woods  require  them  large, 
widely  spaced,  acute  angled,  and  much  set. 

Wet  wood  is  softer  and  more  easily  cut  than  dry,  but  requires  a  keener 
and  coarser  set  saw,  giving  greater  waste.  Gummy  and  resinous  mate- 
rials and  ivory  require  very  keen  teeth  and  slow  speed,  to  avoid  the 


Fig.  16.    Shotting  Space  occupied  by  M  Tooth. 

dust  being  softened  and  made  adhesive — which  tendency  is  lessened  by 
greasing  the  blade. 

Table  1  shows  the  adaptability  of  various  shapes  and  sizes  of  teeth 
to  different  work. 

As  regards  the  question  of  pulling  or  pushing  cut,  those  of  us  who 


Fig.  17.    Double  Cutting  Action  o/M  Tooth  Hand  Saw. 

have  smiled — perhaps  audibly — at  the  Japanese  with  their  backward 
working  saws,  should  bear  one  thing  in  mind  before  condemning  in  toto 
the  pulling  cut — that  for  keyhole  or  any  other  flcxible-bladed  saws,  the 
backward  or  pulling  cut  is  the  best ;  and  our  own  usage  with  that 
exasperating  implement  the  keyhole  saw,  is  much  more  ludicrous  and 
unphilosophical  than  the  pulling  out  of  the  Niphonese. 


GEIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


19 


Figs.  10  and  11*  show  the  common  or  incorrect,  and  also  the  correct 
mode  of  placing  the  teeth  of  keyhole  saws. 

The  Japanese  saws  are  shown  in  Figs.  12  and  13. 

The  M  tooth  may  be  classed  among  those  having  no  front  rake ; 
but  ingeniously  arranged  so  as  to  cut  upon  both  strokes.  Upon  the 
same  base  as  the  ordinary  V  tooth  are  erected,  in  the  same  line,  two  teeth, 
or  a  double  tooth ;  an  M,  in  fact,  with  cutting  edges  fore  and  aft ;  its 
adjacent  neighbor  being  alike  M-shaped  and  sharpened  on  all  edges, 
but  generally  both  beveled  and  set  oppositely.  It  may  be  said  to  do  the 


Fig.  18.    "Lightning  "  Teeth. 

same  work,  and  have  the  same  strength,  as  a  tooth  with  no  front  rake ; 
but  in  the  same  space  arranges  for  a  cut  precisely  as  though  the  saw 
had  been  reversed.  The  M  tooth  is  sometimes  expressed  as  in  Fig.  14. 
As  the  A  angle  in  the  ordinary  M  would  be  difficult  to  keep  sharp, 
and  ruinous  to  file-corners,  it  is  now  furnished  by  Boynton  with  a 
gullet,  making  it  very  economical  of  files  and  ensuring  keen  edges. 
The  M  teeth,  which  are  veritable  cutting  edges,  are  edged  on  an  oil- 
stone, after  filing.  A  variation  of  the  M  tooth  has  its  front  edges 
raking  backward,  while  it  is  still  a  double  tooth ;  and  we  may  style 
this  the  "  W  tooth." 


*  From  Polytechnic  Review. 


20  URIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 

One  important  feature  in  the  construction  of  sonic  hand  rip  saws 
and  mill  saws  is  that  they  have  coarser  teeth  at  the  heel  than  at  the 
point,  so  that  fine  teeth  commence  and  coarse  ones  finish  the  cut. 
Fine  teeth  cut  at  the  outset  more  smoothly  than  coarse  ones,  but  as 
soon  as  they  become  clogged  with  sawdust  they  lose  their  efficiency  to 
a  great  degree.  As  this  partial  clogging  becomes  more  troublesome  at 
the  latter  end  of  the  stroke  this  "  increment  tooth  "  arrangement  (simi- 
lar in  principle  to  the  increment-toothed  file  so  favorably  known)  brings 
the  larger  teeth  into  play  just  where  they  are  needed,  and  while  obviating 
the  rank  tearing  of  coarse  teeth  at  the  commencement  of  the  cut, 
reduces  the  amount  of  splintering  at  the  bottom  of  the  kerf.  This 
arrangement  also  makes  the  saw  strongest  at  the  heel  and  lightest  at 
the  point.  See  Fig.  19. 


Fig.  19.    Andrews9  Increment  Toothed  Mill  Saw. 

The  KECIPEOCATING  RECTILINEAR  saw  has  many  varieties.     It 
maybe 

(1)  strained  in  a  frame  or  sash,  and  guided  on  both  strokes,  while 
cutting  on  one  only  ; 

(2)  guided  at  both  ends  but  not  strained  ;  pull  cut ; 

(3)  free  at  one  end,  with  pull  cut ; 

(4)  free  at  one  end,  push  cut ; 

(5)  free  at  one  end,  cutting  on  both  strokes ; 

(6)  strained  in  a  sash,  guided  on  both  strokes,  and  cutting  on  both  ; 

(7)  unguided  at  either  end ;  handle  at  each  end,  and  cutting  on  one 
stroke ; 

(8)  unguided  at  either  end ;  handle  at  each  end,  cutting  on  both 
strokes ; 

(9)  strained  by  a  weight  at  one  end,  cutting  on  one  stroke ; 

(10)  strained  by  a  spring  at  one  end  ; 

(11)  strained  by  a  spring  frame. 

The  Single  Sash  Saw  is  now  out  of  date  in  this  country ;  being  rap- 
idly superseded  by  the  mulay  and  circular.     A  mtilay  with  the  same 


Reciprocating  Resawing  Machine, 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


21 


power  applied  will  do  nearly  double  the  quantity  of  work,  owing  to 
its  greater  lightness  and  speed. 

A  single  sash  saw  will  make  150  to  200  strokes  per  minute  and  cut 


Fig.  2O.    Mill-Saw  Toot?). 

about  f  inch  in  hard  and  1  inch  in  soft  wood,  at  each  stroke*    It  is 
generally  5  to  9  gauge. 

Fig.  20  is  a  form  of  mill-saw  tooth  (Hoe  &  Co*) 


22  GUIMSIIAW   ON   SAWS. 

But  while  the  single  sash  saw  cannot  compete  with  the  circular  in 
speed  of  cut  or  quantity  of  lumber  turned  out,  the  gang  sash,  having 
several  blades  strained  in  one  frame,  has  a  greater  collective  speed  and 
capacity ;  and  in  the  form  of  the  "  deal-frame "  used  in  England  to 
resaw  squared  logs,  is  one  of  the  most  effective  of  all  saws ;  making 
little  kerf,  having  a  high  speed,  and  cutting  many  boards  simultane- 
ously ;  while  gang-sawed  lumber  brings  a  higher  price  than  that  from 
circulars. 

Fig.  21  shows  one  of  the  most  improved  American  gang  sash 
machines.  The  sash  is  38  inches  wide  and  contains  26  saws  each  4| 
feet  long  and  9  inches  wide,  No.  14  gauge;  teeth  1J  inches  from  point 
to  point  and  the  same  depth,  swaged  to  cut  a  kerf  but  -^  inch  wide. 
The  "cant"  is  from  10  to  25  inches  deep,  the  stroke  19  inches  and  the 
speed  225  revolutions  (and  consequently  full  cuts)  per  minute,  at  a  feed 
varying  from  f  to  1  inch  each  cut,  according  to  the  kind  of  timber. 
The  machine  is  run  by  a  double  belt  20  inches  wide  over  a  driving 
pulley  4|  feet  diameter,  requiring  an  engine  of  16  inches  bore,  20  inches 
stroke,  making  175  revolutions  per  minute  at  60  Ibs.  pressure.  The 
average  capacity  is  70  M  feet  of  one  inch  lumber  per  day  of  ten  hours 
— although  it  may  be  worked  up  to  90  M  in  the  same  time. 

Fig.  22  shows  a  gang  of  Andrews  increment  toothed  saws  and  the 
mode  of  hanging  them  so  as  to  give  proper  "  overhang." 

The  gang  sash  requires  less  labor  to  produce  1000  feet  of  lumber 
than  the  circular  does.  It  works  best  in  connection  with  a  large  cir- 
cular which  slabs  the  large  logs  into  cants  for  it.  The  small  logs  had 
best  be  left  to  a  small  circular  to  saw  into  boards,  scantling  or  other 
small  timber.  This  gives  the  gang  continuous  work  on  timber  worthy 
of  it. 

A  gang  making  240  strokes  per  minute  will  take  about  J  to  f  inch 
feed  per  stroke  in  12  inch  cants,  i.  e.  from  1  to  3  inches  per  second, 
according  to  the  timber.  The  blades  are,  as  a  rule,  made  narrower  at 
the  ends  than  in  the  center.  They  are  generally  8,  9  and  10  inches 
wide,  from  10  to  16  gauge. 

The  thinnest  saws  possible  with  a  fast  gang  are  fifteen  gauge. 

The  principal  advantage  of  the  gang  is  the  extreme  regularity  in 
thickness  of  the  boards  it  makes. 

The  Mulay  or  Muley  Saw  (probably  named  from  the  German  Muhl- 
stlge,  mill-saw)  comes  under  the  head  of  blades  guided  at  both  ends  but 
unstrained.  It  has  a  pull  cut  and  very  rapid  cutting  speed,  exceeding 


Fig.  21.      Wickes*  Gang  Smth. 


Fig.  22.    Gang  of  Increment  Toothed  Satvs. 


24  GKIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 

in  this  respect  the  sash  saw,  which  by  reason  of  the  inertia  of  tin; 
frame  is  more  limited  in  speed.  Its  use  is  mainly  in  the  Western 
States  of  America  ;  and  it  is  in  its  inception  essentially  bold  and  Amer- 
ican. There  being  but  little  of  the  blade  exposed  unguided,  its  use  at 
high  speed  is,  however,  quite  safe.  (See  Addenda.) 

The  mulay  saw  for  logs  is  generally  10  to  12  inches  wide  and  J  inch 
thick,  and  making  strokes  of  20  to  24  inches  at  the  rate  of  from  300 
to  400  revolutions  per  minute,  giving  a  cutting  speed  of  about  600 
feet  per  minute. 

Mulay  saws,  when  first  introduced,  were  full  ^  inch  thick.  Now 
they  are  in  use  only  ^  inch  thick — but  generally  are  No.  7  gauge  or 
^  inch  thick. 

The  length  of  stroke  for  some  log-cutting  nmlays  7  feet  long  is  28 
inches ;  number  of  strokes  200  to  225  per  minute. 

The  mulay  jig  (Fig.  23)  is  perhaps  the  best  for  soft  wood. 

A  "  smart  mulay  saw  "  making  350  to  400  strokes  per  minute  will 
cut  ordinarily  f  inch  hard  ancf"  f  inch  soft  wood  at  each  stroke. 

Mulays  are  almost  always  the  same  width  heel  and  point.  A  cor- 
respondent writes :  "  Son^e  years  ago,  a  party  in  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  took 
out  a  patent  for  a  mulay  mill  that  used  a  tapered  saw  wider  at  the 
top  than  it  was  at  the  bottom,  but  it  was  a  failure." 

Mulay  gang  and  mill  saws  were  formerly  made  thicker  on  the  front 
edge  than  on  the  back ;  but  for  some  years  past  they  have  been  given 
the  same  thickness  on  both  edges. 

The  mulay  scroll  saw  shown  in  Fig.  23  has  a  3  inch  stroke,  and 
makes  1000  to  1500  revolutions  per  minute,  receiving  its  power  through 
a  3  inch  belt  on  a  pulley  6  inches  diameter. 

The  Drag  Saw,  as  its  name  implies,  cuts  on  the  pulling  stroke. 
It  is  unstrained  and  unguided  at  the  free  end ;  and  is,  in  fact,  the 
Japanese  hand  saw,  power  driven  and  guided  at  the  butt.  Its  stiffness 
is  of  course  greater  than  that  of  a  mulay  of  the  same  thickness ;  and 
it  may  be  made  thinner  for  the  same  duty.  Its  use  is  mostly  limited 
to  cross  cutting  felled  logs  and  ship  timbers ;  though  more  recently 
there  has  been  brought  out  by  A.  Ransome  &  Co.,  London,  England, 
an  admirable  horizontal  adaptation  of  it  to  felling  trees.  (Figs.  K 
and  L.) 

Fig.  24  shows  the  attachment  of  a  large  drag  saw  for  butting. 

The  butting  or  drag  saw  is  7  to  8  inches  wide  at  butt,  5  to  6 
inches  at  point,  and  10  gauge< 


Steams'  Drny  Sawing  Machine. 


Fin,  2,'i.     7<Y///'s  .Wtifftf/  Scroll  Sfiir. 


26 


GRIMSHAW    OX   S.VWS. 


GBIM8HAW   ON   SAW.S. 


27 


OX    SAWS. 


It  is  given  mill  teeth  if  intended  to  be  used  as  a  drug  .saw  proper — 
that  is,  cutting  on  the  pull  stroke  only;  but  if  intended  to  cut  on  both 
strokes,  it  is  given  cross-cut  teeth. 


Fly.  25. 


tiair  Teeth  for  Firewood. 


For  farmers'  use  drag  suws  are  4J  to  6  feet  long,  and  tapered  from 
7  to  5  inches ;  stroke  40  to  60  per  minute.  In  shingle  mills  they  are 
much  heavier,  and  run  80  to  120  strokes  per  minute ;  are  5|  to  8  feet 
long;  sometimes  tapering  from  10  to  6  inches  and  sometimes  10  to  12 
inches  wide  throughout. 

Drag  saws  for  firewood  are  generally  made  with  a  tooth  such 
as  shown  in  Fig.  25.  When  the  cutting  is  done  on  the  pull  stroke, 
thinner  blades  may  be  used  than  with  double  cutting  saws ;  but  the 
latter  will  saw  smoother,  and  are  used  in  drag  sawing  logs  for  shingle 
bolts,  because  it  is  desirable  to  make  the  edges  of  shingles  as  smooth 
as  possible. 


tit  r«  iy  /it  T 


Class  4,  free  at  one  end,  and  "push  cut"  is  perhaps  the  most 
numerous  of  all—  including  principally  all  the  varieties  of  carpenters' 
hand  saws,  of  both  parallel  and  taper  blades,  with  and  without  backs. 

In  general,  the  teeth  are  of  equal  si/e  throughout  the  length  ;  but 
there  is  in  some  varieties  —  notably  the  hand-rip-saw  —  an  increase  in 
the  she  of  the  teeth  from  point  to  heel,  referred  to  at  the  close  of  the 
remarks  on  saw  teeth.  But  this  increase1  is  not  always  regular  and 
graduated,  but  sometimes  u  sudden  step. 


GRIM8HAW   OX   SA\Vs. 


29 


30 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


This  class  may  be  subdivided  into  (a)  taper  saws,  without  frames, 
and  (6)  parallel  saws,  with  backs.  The  following  table  gives  lengths, 
sizes  and  spaces  of  teeth,  etc. : 


Name. 

Length. 

^  Hand, 

26" 

Rip, 

28"  to  30" 

Taper.    < 

Panel, 

14"  to  24" 

Compass,* 

10"  to  20" 

Keyhole,* 

7"  to    9" 

r>     /    ,    (  Tenon, 
Baeke(L  I  Miter, 

6"  to  18" 
20"  to  ,30" 

Gauge. 

19 

18 

22  to  20 
16 
21 

22  to  20 
20  to  19 


Points  to  Inch. 

5  to  12 

f  Heel,  3  to  5 
\  Point,  6  to  8 

8  to  12 


11  to  15 
10  to  11 


The  rip,  half  rip,  hand,  broken  space,  panel  and  fine  panel  are 
alike  in  general  appearance.  Chest  saws  are  merely  diminutives 
thereof. 


Fiffs.  28  and  29. 


The  blade  is  "taper"  in  order  that  it  may  be  nearly  equally  stiff 
throughout;  for  ease  in  attachment  of  the  handle,  and  to  lighten  it. 
This  taper  is  either  straight  or  curved  (see  Figs.  30  and  31). 

The  curved  toper  (Fig.  31)  is  claimed  by  the  makers  to  somewhat 
lighten  the  saw,  while  lessening  its  liability  to  vibrate  when  drawn 
from  a  cut.  The  "increment"  tooth  of  the  rip  saw  is  clearly  shown 
in  the  figure. 

The  straight  edge  of  Fig.  30  is  graduated,  as  a  rule  ;  and  the  imple- 
ment also  has  a  level,  scratch  awl,  etc. 

Figs.  28  and  29  show  a  mode  of  strengthening  the  handle. 

The  table  saw  and  the  compass,  or  lock  saws,  differing  only  in  size, 
and  all  used  for  curved  line  cutting,  have  narrow  blades  to  permit 
their  turning  sharp  corners. 

*  For  curved  sawing. 


GRTMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


31 


A  convenient  compass  saw,  made  by  McNiece,  of  Philadelphia,  has 
the  blade  clamped  in  its  slotted  handle  by  means  of  a  screw  clamping 
ferule  (see  Fig.  32). 


The  keyhole  or  lock  saw  is  still  narrower.  It  should  be  made  with  a 
pull  cut  for  the  reasons  stated,  page  17. 

Pruning  saws  are  coarser,  thicker  and  keener  saws  than  those  for 
dry  wood.  They  are  sometimes  made  with  half  moon  or  briar  teeth 
for  rapid  execution. 


32 


G-RIMSHAAV   OK  SAWS. 


Figs.  33  and  34  show  a  pruning  hook  attachment  to  a  -pruning  saw. 
The  pond  ice  saw,  generally  supplied  with  a  "tiller  handle,"  is  7  to 
8  inches  wide  at  butt,  5  to  6  inches  at  point,  and  9  to  10  gauge. 


•E      8 


Hand  saws  for  ice  are  about  24  inches  long,  gauges  16  and  18; 
teeth  regular  cross-cut  pattern,  J  inch  to  1  inch  apart  and  deep,  and 
with  enormous  set  as  this  material  clogs  greatly. 


GRIM8HAW   ON  SAWS. 

The  various  backed  parallel  bladed  saws,  known  as  tenon,  sash,  car- 
case and  dovetail,  according  to  their  uses,  have  thin  and  carefully  ham- 
mered blades  stiffened  with  a  piece  of  metal  sprung  on.  They  are 
much  employed  for  accurate  work.  Care  should  be  taken  not  to  spring 
the  back  bv  knocks. 


Fig.  38  shows  a  hand-saw  with  detachable  back. 

The  Smith's  screw  head  saw  has  a  handle  like  a  file  and  is  used  for 
cutting  the  slot  in  screw  heads.  It  has  a  thick  and  hard  blade. 

The  comb  cutter's  saw,  sometimes  called  a  "  stadda,"  is  double,  the 
two  blades  being  separated  by  packing,  at  any  desired  distance ;  one 


GRIMSHAW  OK  SAWS. 


edge  being  slightly  in  advance  of  the  other  so  as  to  enter  a  new  cut, 
which  the  other  finishes.  Thus  spacing  and  depth  arc  preserved  equal. 
See  Fig.  39.  Similar  saws,  on  a  larger  scale,  have  been  used  for  cut- 
ting microscope  and  air  pump  racks. 


Fly.  37. 


Fig.  42  shows  an  instrument  designed  to  bare  and  roughen  the  edge 
of  bone  fragments  without  injuring  the  soft  parts.  The  tube  carries 
and  partly  exposes  a  stem,  one  side  of  which  is  a  knife  edge  and  the 
other  a  sa\v,  and  either  of  which  can  be  worked  at  will. 


Fig.  38. 

The  increment  tooth  (see  page  20)  has  these  advantages  for  hand- 
saws :  the  fine  teeth  being  used  to  start  the  cut  and  coarse  ones  to 
finish,  a  saw  will  work  freely  and  easily.  In  hand-sawing  the  least 


Fig.  39.     Corn  ft   Cutting 
Haw. 


Fly.    4O.      Adjustable- 
Sacked  Saw. 


Fig.  4:1.     Rack  Cutting 
with  Saws. 


amount  of  power  is  employed  at  the  beginning  of  the  cut,  but 
as  the  arm  straightens  at  the  elbow  more  force  is  used,  and  the 
coarser  teeth  allow  it  to  be  utilized  because  the  space  between  the  teeth 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


35 


do  not  clog  as  readily  as  the  tine  teeth  do,  and  the  fine  teeth  do  not 
catch  at  the  beginning  of  a  cut  as  do  coarse  teeth. 

The  teeth  of  a  hand  saw  should  be  so  truly  filed  that  on  holding  it 


Fig.  42.    Protected  Hasping  Saw. 

up  to  the  eye  and  looking  along  its  edge  lengthwise  it  should  show  a 
central  groove  down  which  a  needle  should  slide  freely.     See  Fig.  A. 
The  cutting  action  should  be  such  that  the  bottom  of  the  kerf  should 
present  the  appearance  of  Fig.  B,  and  not  that  shown  in  Fig.  C. 


Fig.  43. 

Fig.  D  shows  the  proper  cutting  action  of  the  teeth. 
Saws  free  at  one  end  and  cutting  on  both  strokes  are  comparatively 
rare.     The  M  teeth  hand  saws  and  some  butting  saws  mounted  as 


\ 

A 

X 

RI&HT. 

WRONGr. 

•D 


drags,  are  all  that  we  call  to  mind.     We  give  cute  of  both  herewith, 
Figs.  43  and  24. 


36  CJRIMSHAW   OX   SAWS. 

Fig.  44  shows  a  larger  saw  of  tin's  type,  to  be  used  with  two  hands, 
and  which  may  also  be  converted  into  a  "two-man"  saw. 

Fig.  Gr,  page  32,  shows  a  large  two-handed  cross  cut  for  one  man. 

A  double-edged  "  universal"  hand  saw  (Fig.  45)  has  one  side  with 
M  teeth  for  ripping  and  cross-cutting  and  fine  V  teeth  on  the  other 
side,  for  mitering.  This  saw  can  be  used  where  a  wide  blade  cannot — - 
and  the  handle  is  less  liable  to  strain  the  operator's  wrist  than  in  the 


HEW    PATENT  ;-X  -S.uifM  ATII..,,;  ' 
NEW  YORK  E.fo.BOYNTON'S  PTD.MCH.28,1876. 


JFVf/.  44. 


case  of  a  wide  hand  saw  of  the  ordinary  pattern  having  its  handle  at 
the  upper  corner  of  the  blade. 

The  same  double-edged  saw,  with  sheath,  has  a  pole  attachable  to 
its  handle  for  use  as  a  tree  primer;  the  lengths  being  16,  18,  and  20 
inches.  (See  Fig.  46). 

Class  6,  strained  in  a  sash,  guided  at  both  ends  and  cutting  on  both 
strokes,  is  a  peculiar  one.  We  call  to  mind  but  one  representative- 
Robinson's  horizontal  veneer  saw,  shown  at  the  Paris  Exposition  of 


"  Salt 


1878.  Very  peculiar  inclined  guides  give  the  blade  what  would  cor- 
respond to  overhang  on  each  stroke,  so  a.s  to  give  lead  both  ways. 

Class  7  is  the  pit  saw,  practically  the  single  sash,  nngnided  and 
worked  by  hand.  The  blade  is  from  5  to  8  feet  long. 

Class  8  includes  the  "cross-cut  "  —frequently  written  "  X  cut."  They 
vary  largely  in  general  appearance  and  in  disposition,  but  have  always 
for  their  object  the  severing  each  fibre  in  two  places. 

They  are  made  double  as  wide  in  the  centre  as  at  the  ends  —  to  stiffen 
the  blade  and  to  allow  for  the  greater  amount  of  Avear  in  the  centre. 


(JltlMSHAW    OX    SAWS.  37 

The  "  gains  "  or  gullets  in  the  centre  are  often  made  twice  as  deep  us 
those  at  the  ends,  to  save  frequent  "  gumming." 

In  general  there  is  one  set  of  teeth  termed  "scorers"  which  sever 
the  fibres  at  the  sides,  and  others  called  "  cleaners,"  which  remove  the 
central  core  or  ridge,  and  plow  out  the  dust  made  by  the  others. 
Cross  cutting  is  like  scoring  a  "  gain  "  in  a  plank  with  the  edges  of  a 
chisel,  and  then  with  the  flat  edge  removing  the  severed  portions. 


4(>. 


"  Cleaner  teeth/'  "  clearers,"  or  "  plows,"  are  made  slightly  shorter 
than  the  cutters  with  which  they  alternate. 

In  the  "  Twin  Clipper  "  (see  cuts)  there  are  two  M's,  or  four  teeth 
to  a  section  ;  one  M,  or  two  teeth,  set  each  way.  The  maker  claims 
that  where  there  are  but  two  teeth  (or  one  M)  in  a  section,  both  teeth 
set  the  same  way,  their  tendency  is  to  draw  towards  the  point  and  first 
take  to  the  side  of  the  kerf  and  draw  or  spring  the  section  over  until 


38 


GRIMSHAW   OX   SAWS. 


it  lets  go  when  it  reacts,  cutting  the  sides  of  the  kerf  wavy,  in  this 
manner. 


In    this    cross   cut   one  pair  of  teeth  is  designed  to  counteract  the 


Fig.  49. 

spring  of  the  other,  keeping  the  section  straight  and  unsprung.  It  is 
also  claimed  that  when  a  section  has  but  two  teeth  it  cannot  be  as  stiff 
as  with  four. 

The  cleaner  teeth  of  the  "  Twin  Clipper  "  (see  Fig.  50)  are  made  by 
simply  cutting  out  the  inside  section  of  two  teeth,  as  shown  by  the  dot- 


Fiff.  SO.     Twin  Clipper,  showing  Cleaners. 

ted  lines  in  the  cut — leaving  two  sets  of  cutting  teeth  or  scorers  between 
each  pair  of  clearers,  which  are  about  ^  inch  below  these  last. 

The  teeth  of  solid  cross  cuts  are  difficult  to  keep  of  proper  length 
and  shape.  The  saw  requires  frequent  gumming,  and  in  this  process 
is  frequently  broken  or  sprung  and  kinked,  and  then,  unless  ham- 


GRIMSHAW    OX   SAWS. 


39 


F 


r 


B  0 

Cross- Cuts. 


40 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


mered  and  straightened  by  a  skilled  hand,  will  be  sure  to  give  trouble 
by  running  hard  and  sticking  in  the  log.  The  perforated  cross  cut 
avoids  gumming,  and  the  teeth  are  easily  kept  just  right. 

Fig.  51  is  Andrews'  "  Climax" ;  Fig.  52,  Disston's  "  Great  Amer- 
Fig.  53  is  the  well  known  "  Tuttle  "  tooth.     Fig.  54  shows  a 


ican. 


cross  cut,  in  which  the  notch  of  each  M  is  followed  by  perforations,  as 
also  are  the  larger  gullets  between  the  Ms  and  the  Ws.  Various  styles 
of  cross  cuts  are  shown. 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


41 


Cross-Cuts. 


42 


GRIMSHAW    ON    SAWS. 


Cross-Cuts. 


GRIMSHAW   ON    SAWS. 


43 


The  Weight  Strained  Saw  has  only  one  application — to  ice  cut- 
ting. The  blade  is  mounted  vertically  in  a  frame  on  a  sled  and  is 
kept  taut  by  a  weight  suspended  in  the  water  to  the  lower  end.  Arc- 
tic explorers  use  this  saw  for  cutting  their  ships  out  of  ice  floes ;  and 
it  has  been  used  for  heavy  ice-cutting  for  commercial  purposes. 


Fig.  53.    "  Tuttle"  Cross  Cut. 


Fig.  34.    Perforated  Cross  Cut. 

The  Spring  Strained  Saw,  commonly  known  as  the  Gig,  Jig, 
Fret  or  Scroll  Saw,  has  a  pull  cut  only ;  the  return  being  effected  by 
the  same  means  that  keeps  it  strained.  It  is  light  running  and  gene- 
rally used  for  cutting  out  fine  curved  or  scroll  work ;  although  of  late 
years  the  band  saw  is  superseding  it  for  outside  work. 


44 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


45 


46 


GElMSHAW   OK   SAWS. 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


47 


48 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


Jig  sawing  really  divides  itself  into  two  branches — sawing  in  irregu- 
lar shapes  on  the  outside  of  a  piece  of  material,  and  the  same  process 
on  the  inside,  known  as  fret-work. 

The  short  and  readily  detachable  blades  of  the  strained  jig  saw  can 
be  so  quickly  withdrawn  from  one  cut  and  inserted  in  another  starling 
hole  that  the  band  saw  has  no  chance  to  enter  the  field  of  fret  work. 


Fig,  66'.   Feather  Edged  Back. 

It  may  be  said  to  have  influenced  American  architecture,  which 
seems  largely  to  have  been  arranged  so  as  to  give  every  opportunity 
possible,  from  crest  and  barge  board  to  porch  and  railing,  for  the  dis- 
play of  scroll  sawing. 


Fig.  67.    "  Fleetwood  "  Fret  Saw. 

Scroll-sawing  blades  are  from  8  to  24  inches  long  and  13  to  16 
gauge. 

We  may  only  notice  that  most  makers  grind  their  jig  saw  blades  at 
the  back,  to  avoid  all  error  of  setting,  while  Andrews  grinds  to  a 
feather  edge  (Fig.  66). 


GEIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


49 


The  larger  sizes  necessitate  a  blower  to  keep  the  kerf  free  from  dust 
and  enable  the  workmen  to  see  the  lines  of  the  pattern. 
Fig.  67  and  68  show  small  fret  saws  of  a  familiar  type.* 


Fig.  68.    "  Victor  "  Fret  Saw. 


Buck  Saw  Blades. 

The  "  Fleetwood  No.  3  "  fret  saw  runs  about  700  to  800  cutting 
strokes  per  minute.  Faster  speed  is  apt  to  heat  the  saw  and  burn  the 
wood.  Routers  sometimes  use  a  double-edged  blade. 

*Trump  Bros.,  Wilmington,  Del. 


50 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


We  hear  of  round  saws  for  scroll  work,  but  have  not  yet  seen  them. 

The  Buck  Saw,  or  Wood  Saw,  is  a  familiar  implement.  It  is  made 
with  the  ordinary  inclined  V  or  hand  saw  tooth,  and  also  with  the 
double  cutting  M ;  the  latter  far  superior. 


Straining  Rods  for  Buck  Saw  Frames. 

Several  American  styles  of  the  implement  complete,  of  the  blades 
and  of  the  "straining  rods."  are  shown  herewith.  American  use  has 
discarded  the  stick  and  twisted  cord  strainer. 


Fig.  69.    Andreivs'  Steel  Spring  Bucksaw. 


Fig.  7O.    Andrews'  Bucksaw —  Wood  Frame,  Steel  Spring. 

In  frames,  recent  improvements  enable  a  much  larger  log  to  be 
taken  in.  Figs.  69  and  70  show  Andrews'  frames,  where  the  straining 
is  accomplished  by  a  steel  spring  comprising  a  part  or  the  whole 
frame. 

Web  saws  £  inch  and  narrower  have  wide  ends,  in  order  to  give 
strength  at  the  holes. 


GftlMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


51 


52 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS.  53 

THE  CIRCULAR  SAW.  During  all  the  centuries  which  witnessed 
the  birth  and  rise,  the  haughty  supremacy  and  the  fall  of  nations  in 
successive  turns,  no  important  change  was  made  for  the  better  in 
the  manufacture  of  saws,  until,  in  1790,  a  device  was  brought 
out  by  Brunei,  by  which  cutting  should  be  continuous.  In  other 
words,  the  application  of  the  rotary  principle  to  power-driven  saws 
was  given  practically  to  the  world.*  While  the  circular  saw  was  first 
practically  used  in  Holland,  its  development  is  due  to  England  and 
America — especially  the  latter. 

The  circular  or  "  buzz "  saw,  not  having  inertia  to  overcome  in 
revolving,  has  a  higher  cutting  speed  of  teeth  than  the  reciprocating, 
besides  this  advantage  of  continuous  cutting. 

It  is  made  with  solid  and  with  removable  teeth.  We  shall  consider 
the  solid-toothed  variety  first. 


Fig.  75.    Eight-toothed  Weatherboard  Saw. 

(From  Holzapffel,  1*46.) 


It  consists,  in  its  application  to  wood  cutting,  of  a  circular  disk  of 
steel,  rolled  to  even  gage,  and  then  generally  ground  thinner  either 
in  the  center  or  at  the  rim,  after  the  teeth  are  cut.f 

As  a  general  thing,  the  teeth  of  circular  saws  are  more  distant,  more 
inclined,  and  more  set,  than  those  of  rectilinear.  But  their  action  may 
be  referred  to  the  tangent  of  the  circle  at  each  tooth,  just  as  in  straight 
saws  to  the  line  of  the  blade. 

The  teeth  are  more  distant,  because  their  great  velocity  makes  their 
effect  almost  continuous.  In  one  variety  used  for  cutting  feather-edged 
or  weather  boards  and  taking  a  very  deep,  wide  cut,  this  is  carried  to 
an  extreme — there  being  but  eight  sectional  teeth  (see  Fig.  75).  Few- 
ness of  teeth  gives  the  necessary  increased  throat  room  for  sawdust. 

Their  teeth  are  more  inclined  because  they  have  additional  power 
by  reason  of  their  great  velocity,  and  hence  can  stand  the  extra  front 
rake. 

*  The  circular  saw  appears  in  a  British  patent  of  Miller,  Mo.  1152  of  1771.     The 
full  text  may  be  found  in  Bichards'  work  on  Wood  Working  Machines,  page  6. 
f  See  Appendix  I  for  Manufacture  of  Circular  Saws. 


54 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


They  are  more  set  to  make  a  wider  kerf,  required  by  reason  of 
the  waving  and  wabbling  at  high  speeds  of  the  disk,  which  cannot 
of  course,  even  if  perfectly  homogeneous  and  true,  and  unaltered  by 
heat,  be  kept  as  rigid  as  a  strained  straight  blade.* 

The  circular  saw  is  easily  run,  and  at  a  high  speed.  But  it  requires 
continuous  attendance,  the  work  being  so  rapidly  done  as  to  be  in  the 
operator's  hands  nearly  all  the  time. 


Fig.  76.    Lane  &  Bodley's  Side  Guide. 


*  Something   partly   answering  the   purpose  of  straining  is  gained  by  the  "side 
guides"  of  large  circular  saws.    See  Fig.  76. 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS.  55 

Circular  saws  ordinarily  run  9000  to  10,000  feet  per  minute,  or 
200  times  as  fast  as  a  push  cut  hand  saw,  which  makes  about  1001  feet 
per  minute,  cutting  only  half  the  time. 

We  may  say  for  saws  12  inches  diameter,  3000  revolutions  per 
minute;  2  feet  diameter,  1500  revolutions;  3  feet,  1000  revolutions; 
4  feet,  750  revolutions ;  5  feet,  600  revolutions. 

Shingle  and  some  other  saws,  either  riveted  to  a  cast  iron  collar  or 
very  thick  at  centre  and  thin  at  rim,  may  be  run  with  safety  at  a 
greater  speed.  Shingle  saws  are  tapered  to  14  or  15  gauge,  and  run 
from  30  to  48  inches  in  diameter.  We  give  herewith  a 

TABLE  OF  SPEED  FOR  CIRCULAR  SAWS. 

Size  of  Saw.  Rev.  per  Min.  Size,  of  Saw.                          Rev.  per  Mirv 

8  in.  -   .             .             4500  42  in.          ;  .'         '.  -.  870 

10  in.  .             .             .  .    3600  44  in.      .            V            .  840 

12  in.  .             .             3000  46  in.         -,j  .          ,  800 

14  in.  .             .             .      2585  48  in.  '  YV .        V         '  .  750 

16  in.  '  .,             .             2222  50  in.             .          '^  725 

18  in.  .             '.             .      2000  52  in.      .             .             .700 

20  in.  .             .             1800  54  in.             .          '.-,  3  675 

22  in.  .             .             .      1636  56  in.     ;.         -^      '-;  650 

24  in.  .             .             1500  58  in.          '-.*.,£      X>.  •  625 

26  in.  .             .             .      1384  60  in.    -.  .          .          .,.  600 

28  in.  -11             .             1285  62  in.            .:  /         . '.  575 

30  in.  ;..           .           ..      1200  64  in.  '";.>;          .             ."'"  550 

32  in.  .  *         V,         1125  66  in.         :  Y        .    .  :  545 

34  in.  .             .  .          .      1058  68  in.      .         '    ,             .  529 

36  in.  .          ,  .             1000  70  in.          -7.             .  514 

38  in.  .             ,:.       :'-..       950  72  in.  *    . "      ;•  .             .  500 

40  in.  .  „         .               900 

Richards,  in  his  "  Operator's  Handbook,"  gives  the  following  speeds 
for  circulars : 

Diam.  K.  P.  M.  Peripheral  Velocity. 

Feet  per  inin. 

36  inches,  '.     .     1500  14,100 

30  "   .  .  '    .   1800  14,100 

25  "  .     ..     2100  13,700 

20  "   .  .  -    .   2400  12,500 

15  «  .     .     2700  10,600 

10  «  .   3000  7,000 


56  GEIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 

For  shingle  making  the  circular  saw  is  sometimes  run  horizontally, 
as  illustrated  in  Fig.  78,  which  shows  the  largest  shingle  machine  in 
the  world. 

A  shingle  saw  should  be  re-ground  as  soon  as  it  wears  down  to  14 
gauge,  as  the  thinner  the  saw  used  the  more  profit.  It  does  not  pay 
to  cut  timber  into  sawdust  instead  of  shingles. 

Simonds  36-inch  shingle  saws  (said  to  be  not  hammered)  make 
from  1925  turns  per  minute,  and  116  clips,  to  2200  revolutions. 

The  circular  saw  should  not  be  used  on  work  thicker  than  one-third 
the  saw  diameter.  A  20-inch  square  "  cant  "  or  log  would  necessitate 
a  60-inch  circular  saw,  which  may  be  -^  inch  thick  and  make  a  kerf  of 
-^  inch.  But  some  economy  of  kerf  and  hence  of  time,  power  and 
material  is  gained  by  the  "  double  circular"  mill,  having  two  smaller 
circulars  rotating  in  the  same  direction,  one  cutting  from  the  top,  the 
-other  from  the  bottom  of  the  log,  in  the  same  plane  —  one  slightly  in 
advance  of  the  other  (see  Figs.  79  and  80). 


i 


Fig.  79.    "Double"  Circular  Saws. 


Thus  the  20-inch  log  cited  above  could  be  worked  by  two  30-inch 
circulars  -^  inch  thick,  and  cutting  only  ^f  inch  kerf.  In  general,  the 
top  saw  is  smaller  than  the  bottom  one,  the  lower  one,  after  successive 
reductions  of  diameter  by  sharpening,  being  moved  to  the  top  mandrel. 

In  California,  redwood  logs  ten  feet  in  diameter  are  sawed  with 
three  62"  vertical  circulars,  one  above  the  other,  in  connection  with  a 
small  horizontal  circular  which  divides  the  board  in  the  line  of  the 
arbor  of  the  middle  saw.  The  two  lower  ones  cut  58  inches  between 
them,  and  the  upper  one  takes  29  inches. 

In  the  choice  of  velocity  and  teeth  of  circular  saws,  there  must  be 
taken  into  consideration  the  hardness  and  grain  of  the  material  to  be 
cut ;  its  greater  or  less  freedom  from  moisture,  from  gummy  or  resin- 
ous matters,  and  from  spikes ;  also  its  size  and  the  degree  of  smooth- 
ness required  in  the  surfaces  left.  The  harder  the  wood  the  smaller 
and  more  upright  should  be  the  teeth,  and  the  less  their  velocity  and 
the  rate  of  sawing. 


"uj.  "US.    Largest  Shingle  Machine  in  the  World. 


(JIM  MSI  I  AW    UN    SAWS. 


57 


Fig.  81  shows  the  circular  saw  solid  tooth  for  soft  wood;  Fig.  82 
for  hard  wood.. 

In  cutting  lengthwise  with  the  fibres  (slitting,  ripping),  the  teeth 
should  be  coarse  and  inclined,  and  the  speed  moderate,  so  as  to  cut 
rather  than  abrade ;  as  fine  sawdust  takas  more  power  to  make  it  than 
coarse. 

Cutting  across  grain  (cross-cutting,  crossing)  requires  finer  and  more 
upright  teeth  and  greater  velocity  than  in  the  last  case,  so  that  each 
fibre  may  be  rather  cut  by  successive  teeth  than  torn  by  only  one. 

They  should  be  as  hooking  as  they  will  bear,  except  for  lath  saws, 
where  the  stuff  is  fed  by  the  saw  under  the  arbor,  and  for  side  cutting 
shingle  saws,  where  this  would  cause  too  fast  speed. 


**?- 


g& 

Fig.  81.    For  Soft  Wood. 


PfPIPHfHY  LIHE 


82.    For  Hard  Wood. 


The  more  inclined  a  circular-saw  tooth  is  the  easier  it  cuts.  With 
less  rake,  however,  the  cut  is  smoother. 

The  teeth  of  the  "  circular  "  meet  the  fibres  at  varying  angles.  The 
fibres  at  the  top  of  the  "  cant "  are  met  at  a  very  acute  angle  ;  those  at 
the  bottom  at  almost  a  right  angle.  (Fig.  K.)  It  follows  that  the 
first  are  cut  to  the  best  advantage,  and  that  narrow  cuts — that  is,  those 
of  medium  height  of  cut — are  sawed  less  economically  than  thick 
ones,  the  position  of  the  table  being  the  same. 

Theoretically  speaking,  to  effect  the  greatest  economy  in  cutting,  the 
table  or  carriage  should  be  kept  high  up,  so  that  the  cant  should  be  as 
nearly  as  possible  tangential  to  the  disk. 

Figs.  N,  O,  P  show  teeth  made  to  various  tangents. 
5 


GRJMSHAW    ON    SAWS. 


OQ 


Fig.  K.    Action  of  Top  and  Bottom  Teeth  of  Circular  Saws 

Compared. 

For  pine,  spruce  and  hemlock  the  teetli  should  be  cut  to  a  tangent 
to  a  circle  half  the  saw  diameter. 


Fit/.  N. 


Fiff.  O. 

The  old  "  Barber  "  patent  tooth  had  the  under  side  concaved  out, 
and  cut  very  sweetly.  The  Emerson  inserted  tooth  of  the  present  day 
has  this  same  feature. 


<;KIMSH.\\V  ON  SAWS. 


The  Knowles  tooth  tor  circulars  (Fig.  86)  had  its  back  slightly  re- 
lieved— which  really  amounted  to  having  the  point  slightly  upturned. 


riff.  r. 

The  Gridtey  tooth  for  circular  saws,  shown  in  Fig.  83,  as  in  order 
for  work,  has  both  spring  and  spread  set.  By  use  it  becomes  worn 
and  rounded,  as  in  Fig.  84.  For  light  power  and  tough  sawing  it  is 
said  to  do  well.  Its  cutting  point  must  be  kept  up  square  and  full,  as 
when  rounded  and  dull  (Fig.  84)  it  takes  more  power  and  turns  out 
poorer  lumber.  It  should  be  filed  almost  exclusively  on  the  under 
side  (as  should  any  other  tooth.) 

An  arrangement  of  circular  saw  teeth,  which  is  a  development  of  the 
increment  tooth  referred  to  under  the  head  of  teeth,  has  sections  of  the 
periphery  arranged  with  increasing  spaced  teeth — the  inventor  claim- 
ing smoother  cutting  with  less  consumption  of  power.  He  states  that 
at  Cincinnati  a  7  gauge,  56  inch,  variable  spaced  circular  used  from  7 
to  20  HP  less  than  any  other  of  the  same  thickness.  (See  Fig.  85.) 

The  points  only  of  circular  saw  teeth  should  touch  the  lumber.  They 
should  be  kept  sharp,  by  constant  filing,  and  set  by  springing  and 
swaging,  so  as  to  clear  the  blades. 

The  American  tendency  is  towards  extra  thin  saws,  as  lumber 
becomes  more  and  more  valuable.  They  are  now  made  to  54  inches 
diameter,  as  thin  as  No.  12  gauge  at  rim  and  11  at  centre  ;  66  to  72 
inches  diameter,  No.  10  at  rim  and  9  at  centre.  In  extra  thin  saws 
it  is  necessary  to  use  a  larger  number  of  teeth  than  in  thicker  ones. 
Every  ^g-  inch  saved  in  the  width  of  saw  kerf  saves  1000  feet  of  lum- 
ber in  every  16  M  sawed. 

A  circular  saw  has  a  great  amount  of  difficult  work  to  do,  rapidly. 
It  is  something  more  than  a  hard  steel  disk.  It  must  keep  its  position 
and  work  well  when  in  rapid  rotation  and  doing  hard  duty. 


(50 


GJUM8HAW   ON  SAWS. 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS.  61 

There  is  little  real  difficulty  in  making  a  "circular"  with  almost 
any  kind  of  tooth,  that  will  run  well  when  new ;  but  the  steady  use 
and  constant  changing  of  the  teeth  for  months  are  sure  to  point  out 
all  their  defects. 


Fig.  85.    Andreivs'  Increment  Toothed  Circular. 

Hard  circular  plates  heat  easier  than  soft,  and  dry  lumber  causes 
greater  heating  than  wet. 

A  taper  circular  will  stand  a  higher  speed  than  an  even  gauge  or 
one  ground  thinnest  in  the  centre,  as  there  is  less  weight  at  the  rim 
and  consequently  less  centrifugal  force. 


Fig.  86.    Knowles'  Tooth. 


As  a  slight  offset  to  the  advantage  that  rim  tapering  gives  a  circular, 
there  is  this :  that  as  the  saw  gets  smaller  it  gets  proportionately  thicker, 
when  it  does  not  need  as  great  a  thickness  to  keep  it  stiff. 

Vencer-euttinff  circular  saws  are  employed  for  making  veneers  or 


QRIM8HAW   <>X   sA\Vs. 


very  thin  plates,  generally  of  valuable  woods.*  They  are  designedly 
thinner  at  the  edge  than  in  the  center,  as  the  sheet  removed  readily 
bends  aside.  They  are  either  solid  or  segmented.  The  edge  must  run 
exceedingly  true,  and  the  teeth  be  sharp  and  very  faintly  set.  The  seg- 


Fiff.  87.    Small  Segmented  Circular. 

ments  are  from  5  to  10  gauge,  and  are  12  inches  in  diameter. 

A  smaller  segrnental  saw  is  shown  in  Fig.  87 ;  a  segment  for  larger 
saws  is  shown  in  Fig.  88 ;  and  a  veneer  sawing  machine  in  Fig.  89. 

While  circular  saws  for  wood  can  be  made  up  to  80  and  100  inches 
diameter,  there  are  also 'smaller  "circulars"  used  for  such  work  as 


Fig.  88.     Cutting  Segment 
of  Circular  Saw. 


Fig.  9O.    Saw  for  Gold 
Pen  Slits. 


cutting  notches  in  telescopes  and  in  screw  heads,  slits  of  bat's-wing  gas 

burners,  etc.     The  teeth  of  these  last  are  sometimes  serrated  with  a 

\ 

*  Knife  or  splitting  machines  for  this  purpose  answer  well  enough  for  straight 
grained  and  pliant  woods,  as  Honduras  mahogany,  but  not  for  irregular,  harsh  and 
brittle  grain,  such  as  rosewood — as  in  the  last  case  the  veneer  curls  up  considerably 
on  removal,  and  has  a  disposition  to  split  and  become  pervious  to  glue. 


ORTMSHAW    ON   SAWS. 


(13 


64 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


screw  cutter  or  tap,  as  in  making  the  teeth  of  a  worm-wheel.  Perhaps 
the  finest  circular  saws  made  are  those  for  slitting  the  nibs  of  gold 
pens.  The  exact  size  of  one  is  shown  in  Fig.  90.  It  is  -j^"  thick,  and 
makes  4000  revolutions  per  minute.  The  cut  is  engraved  by  using  as 
a  transfer  the  saw  itself,  kindly  loaned  by  Mr.  Eberhard  Faber,  of 
New  York. 


Fig.  91. 

Fig.  91  shows  various  forms  of  solid  and  inserted  circular-saw  teeth, 
arranged  thus  by  the  Disstons  for  the  convenience  of  customers  in 
ordering. 

Referring  to  the  numbers  on  this  figure,  Nos.  1,  2,  3  and  5  are  for 
cross  cutting;  Nos.  6,  8,  11,  12,  13  and  14  for  ripping;  No.  4  for 
either.  No.  8  is  used  for  hard  wood.  Nos.  11  and  14  are  the  most 
commonly  used  in  America. 


GEIMSHAW  ON  SAWS.  65 

A  tiny  saw,  difficult  to  classify,  is  Fig.  95,  which  has  two  cutting 
edges,  one  of  which  is  a  reciprocating  circular  saw. 

Fig.  96  shows  a  surgical  circular  saw  worked  by  a  thumb  lever. 

For  sawing  loaf  sugar,  the  teeth  are  V-shaped,  one-half  inch  apart, 
gauge  No.  10,  with  great  set.  A  36  inch  sugar  saw  runs  only  about 
800  revolutions  and  under. 

For  ivory  the  teeth  are  V-shaped,  12  points  to  the  inch,  with  no 
set.  These  circulars  are  2  to  10  inches  diameter,  and  of  from  19  to 
22  gauge. 


Fig.  95.    Bone  Saw. 


Fig.  96.    Surgical  Cirettlar.    Driven  by  Thumb. 

For  bone  a  9|  inch  saw  has  100  teeth,  "  handsaw  "  style  in  outline. 
The  plate  is  22  gauge,  and  and  an  additional  -fa  inch  set  is  given. 

For  iron  the  handsaw  tooth  is  used,  with  no  set;  space,  12  points ; 
a  4  inch  saw  of  14  to  22  gauge  runs  150  revolutions. 

For  cutting  off  wrought  iron  and  steel  beams  Disstons  recommend 
a  circular  44"  diameter  and  about  J"  thick,  having  peg  teeth  f  "  apart, 
with  no  set,  and  running  slowly  where  neat  cutting  is  required — say 
only  150  to  180  feet  per  minute  peripheral  speed. 

Richardson  Bros,  say  that  circulars  for  wrought  iron  should  have  a 
speed  of  about  150  linear  feet  per  minute;  for  cast  or  malleable  iron, 
one-fourth  faster,  or  say  190  feet  per  minute. 

For  white  or  Britannia  metal,  one-fifth  the  revolutions  for  wood  (say 
1800  feet  per  minute),  but  a  larger  tooth  than  for  iron. 

For  brass,  as  fast  again  as  for  iron — say  300  to  375  feet  per  minute. 

As  regards  the  question  of  few  or  many  teeth  for  wood  cutting,  opin- 


ORIMSHAW   ON   RAWS. 


ions  differ,  and  yet  perhaps  without  cause.  The  writer  inclines  to  the 
belief  that  while  the  fewer  the  teeth  the  higher  the  feed  capable  per 
tooth,  and  the  more  chisel-like  the  action  of  the  teeth, — yet  there  are 
cases  where  by  reason  of  light  power  and  hard  cut  more  teeth  are  neces- 
sary. Certainly  thin  saws  require  the  most  teeth ;  or,  to  put  it  the 
other  way,  increasing  the  number  of  teeth  enables  the  use  of  a  thinner 
saw  and  less  power. 

Fineness  of  teeth  also  gives  smoothness  of  lumber,  as  the  teeth  are 
stiffer  and  less  likely  to  lead  into  the  wood,  and  the  saw  marks  are 
closer  together  than  with  many  teeth. 

In  some  parts  of  our  Southern  States  where  formerly  a  56  inch  cir- 
cular had  but  26  to  28  teeth,  now  there  may  be  found  a  very  large 
proportion  of  56  inch  disks  with  56  teeth. 

The  fewest  number  of  teeth  we  know  of  in  a  rotating  saw  is  two  ; 
these  being  simply  two  long  arms  with  a  central  hub,  revolving  on  an 
arbor,  and  chiseling  their  way  quietly  and  slowly  through  a  log.  This 
could  hardly  be  termed  a  "circular  saw,"  being  rather  a  rotating 
chisel,  and  just  as  much  like  the  Daniels  planer  used  in  car  shops. 

The  following  table  gives  the  average  diameters  and  thicknesses  of 
circular  saws,  with  size  of  mandrel  holes  : 


Diameter. 

4  inch, 

5  " 

6  " 

7  " 


9 

10 
12 
14 
16 
18 
20 
22 
24 
26 
28 
30 
32 
34 


Average 
Thickness. 

19  gauge, 

19  « 

18  " 

18  " 

18  " 

17  " 

16  " 

15  " 

14  " 

14  " 

13  " 

13  " 

12  " 

11  " 

11  " 

10  " 

10  " 

10  " 

9  " 


TABLE  II. 

Size  of  Man- 
drel Hole.   Diameter. 


1 

36 

ind 

1 

38 

tt 

1 

40 

it 

I 

42 

tt 

1 

44 

tt 

§• 

46 

tt 

1 

48 

tt 

1 

50 

tt 

11 

52 

it 

1* 

54 

tt 

li 

56 

it 

ITS 

58 

tt 

ITS 

60 

tt 

If 

62 

tt 

If 

64 

tt 

1* 

66 

tt 

^ 

68 

tt 

If 

70 

tt 

11 

72 

tt 

Average    Size  of  Man- 
Thickness,    drel  Hole. 


If 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2  ' 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


9  gauge, 

8 

tt 

8 

tt 

8 

It 

7 

tt 

6 

tt 

6 

tt 

(i 

tt 

5 

tt 

5 

tt 

5 

tt 

5 

tl 

5 

tt 

4 

tt 

4 

tt 

4 

tt 

4 

tt 

3 

tt 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY 

OF 


GBIM8HAW   ON   SAWS. 


(In  Appendix  X,  the  gauges  are  given  translated  into  decimals 
and  also  into  thirty-seconds  of  an  inch.) 

In  times  past  the  grinding  process  was  so  difficult  and  expensive 
that  the  flat  "  circular"  was  finished  on  the  log  side  only.  Xowadavs 


Fif/.  .97.    Dirtied  Circular. 


many  makers  give  the  same  accurate  fmlsh  on  botli  sides,  and  the  saws 
can  consequently  be  used  either  right  or  left  "handed.." 

A  variety  of  the  circular  saw  is  the  dislied  circular,  used  not  for 
dividing  material  in  a  right  line,  but  for  cutting  out  beveled-edged 
disks,  as  barrel  heads.  Its  action  thus  comes  in  between  that  of  the 
circular  and  that  of  the  cylinder  saw. 

Concave  saws  run  about  the  following  diameters  and  gauges : 


6  inch, 

7  " 

8  " 

9  " 
10     " 


18  gauge. 
18  " 

12  inch, 
14  " 

18  " 

16  " 

17  " 

18  " 

16  " 

20  " 

15  gauge. 
15     " 
14     " 
13     " 
13     " 


Figs.  98  and  99  show  "  right-  "  and  "  left-handed"  saws  sufficiently 
clearly  to  require  no  other  explanation. 

Inserted-toothed  circular  saws,  the  use  of  which  is  already  large  and 
rapidly  extending,  have  the  following  advantages  over  solid  : 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


The  teeth  being  drop-forged,  from  bar  steel,  are  regular  in  size  and 

shape,  and  of  better  material  than  is  possible  to  use  for  the  whole  saw. 

The  teeth  are  capable  of  having  more  and  better  shaped  throat — a 


Fig.  98.    "Right  Handed." 


Fig.  99.    "Left  Handed.9' 

special  advantage  for  coarse  feeds,  and  for  soft,  wet  and  fibrous  woods. 
They  cut  so  much  smoother  lumber  that  they  are  frequently  spoken 
of  as  "  planer-bits." 


CIUMSHAW   ON   SAWS.  60 

They  effect  a  great  saving  in  time  and  files  and  blades,  over  gum- 
ming and  sharpening ;  they  also  avoid  lessening  the  capacity  of  the 
saw  by  the  reduction  in  diameter  consequent  on  filing  the  solid  saw.* 
The  widely-operating  and  successful  use  of  emery  wheels  is,  however, 
lessening  this  advantage. 

The  time  of  the  mill  lost  while  the  solid  tooth  saw  is  being  re-gul- 
leted  is  important  in  new  countries  and  in  locations  far  from  the  saw 
factory — as  New  Zealand. 

With  a  few  thousand  little  "  bits,"  costing  three  cents  each,  a  New 
Zealand  or  far  Canadian  sawyer  is  independent  of  mishaps,  even  with 
the  knottiest  wood. 

There  is  an  avoidance  of  the  necessity  of  readjusting  and  aligning 

*COST  OF  RUNNING  PLANER-TOOTHED  SAWS,  AS  COMPARED  WITH  SOLID-TOOTHED 
SAWS. — Messrs.  Emerson  Smith  &  Co.  give  the  following  calculations : 

"The  average  size  of  board  circular  saws  is  about  56  inches  in  diameter,  so  that 
we  will  base  our  calculations  on  that  size. 

"Circular  saw  mills  vary  in  capacity  from  5000  to  40,000  feet  of  lumber  per.day, 
10,000  feet  being  about  the  average. 

"Starting  with  a  new  56  incli  saw,  at  10,000  feet  per  day,  we  will  base  our  calcula- 
tions on  sawing  1,000,000  feet  in  100  working  days,  or  about  four  months. 

Cost  of  56  inch  solid  saw,  present  price  list $117  00 

One  hour  per  day  for  filer,  100  days,  thirty  cents  per  hour 30  00 

"In  order  to  reduce  the  size  of  a  56  to  a  54  inch  saw,  a  strip  of  tempered  steel,  14 
feet  in  length,  1  inch  in  width,  and  the  thickness  of  the  saw,  must  be  filed  into  fine 
dust.  Beside*,  time  is  spent  in  spreading  and  setting  the  teeth  and  in  rounding  the 
saw. 

1  dozen  14  in.  mill  files,  per  month,  at  $9  per  doz $36  00 

drumming  and  straightening  once  in  2  months,  say 15  00 

Average  cost  of  transporting  to  saw  maker,  say 6  00 

Reduction  in  size  of  saw,  say  2  inches,  leaving  the  saw  at  the  end  of  4  months 

54  inches  in  diameter,  present  price  list,  $96,  reduction  in  value 21  00 

"  The  above  calculation  only  estimates  the  reduction  in  the  size  of  the  saw  at  one- 
fiftieth  of  an  inch  per  day.  If  the  saw  is  kept  gummed  down  with  a  file,  the  cost  of 
tiles  and  filing  will  be  much  greater  than  this  estimate.  If  a  gummer  of  any  kind  be 
used,  add  cost  of  the  machine,  wear  of  tools,  wheels,  etc.,  and  the  owner  will  find  the 
cost  more  than  the  estimate  of  sending  it  to  a  saw  maker. 

Cost  of  mill  standing  idle,  say  half  hour  per  day,  in  filing  and  putting  saw 
in  order  so  that  the  owner  has  lost  the  sawing  of  500  feet  of  lumber  per 
day,  at  $2  per  1000  cost  of  sawing  for  100  days $100  00 

Total  cost $325  00 

Cost  of  planer,  saw  and  1000  bits 200  00 

Difference  inlfavor  of  Planer  Saw 125  00 


70 


(MMMSIIAW    <>N    SAWS. 


the  saw  on  the  mandrel  in  the  case  where  a"  spare  saw  enables  the  saw- 
yer to  save  the  otherwise  inevitable  stoppage  of  the  mill  in  the  ease  of 
a  tooth  breaking. 

The  spacing,  set,  and  shape  of  the  inserted  teeth  is  better  than  the 
average  sawyer  would  maintain  even  with  the  "guide  lines"  marked 
in  the  disk  by  some  enterprising  maker's.  (See  Fig.  100.) 


Fig.  10O.    SJioirhtf/  Guide  Lines. 

Men  capable  of  putting  solid  saws  in  order  are  very  scarce.  But  in 
many  mills  are  to  be  found  men  who  are  good,  valuable  sawyers,  and 
understand  turning  out  lumber  to  the  best  advantage,  but  who  are 
poor  filers.  The  inserted  tooth  makes  their  skill  available. 

The  plate  of  a  saw  is  nothing  but  a  handle  carrying  the  teeth,  and 
is  strained  by  the  use  of  dull  teeth.  The  inserted  teeth  can  be  kept 
sharp  and  hence  strain  the  plate  less. 


GRIMSHAW    ON    SAWS. 


71 


Tlie  cutting  points  or  saw  bits  being  shaped  and  sharpened  while 
out  of  the  saw,  can,  if  it  be  the  sawyer's  fancy,  be  made  slightly 
concaved  on  the  under  side,  thus  presenting  full  prominent  corners 
a  little  in  advance  of  the  cutting  centre ;  and  in  consequence  of  the 
corners  of  all  teeth  wearing  faster  than  the  centres  the  separate  teeth 
will  do  more  work  with  one  dressing,  than  solid  teeth,  which  are  filed 
or  dressed  square.  Fig.  106  shows  their  first  state  and  mode  of 


Fig.  10(>. 


B  C  D  K 

Various  Conditions  of  Teeth. 


wear.  They  represent  a  top  view  of  the  points  of  teeth  in  vari- 
ous shapes.  If  the  point  of  a  tooth' get  into  the  shape  of  A  or  any 
other  irregular  shape,  it '  should  first  be  squared  and  filed  up  into  a 
regular  shape,  so  that' there  will  be  an  equal  amount  of  metal  on  each 
corner.  If  a  tooth  loses  a  corner  like  that  of  B,  the  opposite  corner 


Fig.  Hit.    Emerson's  "Planer  Sit. 


should  be  filed  off  so  as  to  have  the  appearance  of  C;  swage  it  into 
shape  like  D,  then  bring  it  into  a  proper  shape  like  E.  A  is  also  a 
bad  tooth,  having  too  much  metal  in  one  corner,  and  must  l>e  filed 
into  the  shape  of  0  before  it  will  spread  .properly. 

One  file  will  go  as  far  in  keeping  a  good  inserted  tooth  saw  in  order 
as  ten  with  a  solid  saw. 


72  GRIMSHAW  ON   SAWS. 

All  inscrted-toothed  saw  can  have  hard  or  soft  teeth  at  will,  lor 
varying  kinds  of  lumber. 

The  Emerson  bits  are  tempered  to  scratch  glass,  and  weigh  one- 
sixth  ounce  each. 

The  various  items  of  power-saving  by  reason  of  keenness  of  cut 
and  narrowness  of  kerf,  are  the  same  as  are  fully  laid  down  on  another 
page. 

Inserted  saw  teeth  came  into  use  about  1840,  the  teeth  being  placed 
in  rectangular  sockets  and  held  in  place  by  a  V  tongue  and  groove. 
The  rectangular  sockets  have  been  largely  discarded  for  curved,  as 
giving  less  liability  to  crack. 

The  following  figures  from  the  Albion  Mill  on  our  West  Coast, 
show  the  performance  of  the  Hoe  chisel  bit  saw :  See  Fig.  107. 

No.  days.  Feet  Board  Measure. 

November,  26,  .             .             .     859,407 

December,  23,  .             .             .             .           798,274 

January,     26,  ....     866,992 

February,   25,  .             .             .             .           852,818 

March,        25,  ,            .            .            .     962,537         m 

April,          26,  .             .             .             .           934,337 

May,           10,  ....     387,019 


162,    .  .  .  .        5,661,385 

Number  of  bits  used  in  the  work,  4000  in  all. 

The  bits  are  run  in  the  Albion  Mill  as  follows :  Starting  in  the 
morning,  with  new  teeth,  on  4  inch  feed,  in  hard  pine  or  red-wood 
until  noon.  Then  a  set  of  new  teeth  run  until  night.  At  night  the 
watchman  puts  in  the  next  set.  The  dulled  teeth  are  sharpened  twice 
for  the  bottom  saw  and  are  then  worked  in  the  top  saw. 

The  "Brooke"  tooth  saw  is  shown  so  clearly  in  Fig.  108  as  to 
require  no  special  explanation. 

Fig.  109  shows  the  cutting  action  of  an  inserted  toothed  saw.  The 
type  shown  is  one  of  those  made  by  the  American  Saw  Company. 

Fig.  110  shows  the  "movable  tooth"  of  the  American  Saw  Company. 

Fig.  Ill  shows  a  "perforated"  inserted  tooth  made  by  the  last- 
named  makers. 

Inserted  toothed  saws  are  made  from  13  to  6  gauge  and  from  12  to 
72  inches  in  diameter,  the  smaller  sizes  being  used  for  edgers  and  gangs. 


Eight-Saw  Lath  Boltei- 


(Circular  Mesawing  Machine., 


G1UMSIIAW   ON   SAWS. 


74 


GIUMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


(HMM.SJIAW    ON    .SAWK. 


75 


76 


GKIMHHAW   ON   SAWS. 


fitllMSHAW    ON    SAWS. 


77 
the 


From  "  Knight's  American  Mechanical  Dictionary  "*  we  take 
annexed  concise  representation  of  various  insertable  teetli : 


a.  Krauser. 

b.  Colsen. 

c.  Emerson. 

d.  Clemson. 

e.  Lippincott. 
/.  Spaulding. 
g.  Emerson. 
It.  Nealc. 

1.  Emerson. 
j.  Brown. 
k.  Clemson. 
/.  Woodruff. 
m.  Emerson. 
n.  Disston. 

o.  Shoemaker. 
p.  Emerson. 
q.  Emerson. 
r.  Emerson. 
s.  Disston. 
t.  Disston. 
u.  Hoe. 
v.  Strange. 
w.  Humphrey. 
x.  Miller. 
y.  Disston. 

2.  Miller. 


The  most  remarkable  sawing  of  which  we  have  any  record  was 
done  in  September,  1879,  in  the  mill  of  Messrs.  Chapin  &  Barber, 
Bay  City,  Mich.,  with  a  "Lumberman's  Clipper"  (inserted  teeth) 
saw  made  by  Emerson,  Smith  &  Co.,  of  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.,  and  run 
by  A.  G.  McCoy.  There  were  made  nineteen  cuts,  each  16  feet  long 


*  Honghtnn,  Osgood  &  Co. 


78 


GlUMSHAW   ON  SAW'S. 


and  23  inches  wide  or  deep,  in  one  minute  of  time.  Material,  white 
pine.  The  saw  was  72  Indies  diameter ;  No.  6  gauge  at  centre,  7  at 
rim,  and  containing  72  cutting  teeth.  It  ran  at  the  rate  of  650  revo- 
lutions, or  about  12,250  feet  per  minute  (over  two  miles !)  and  cut  12 
inches  at  each  revolution.  This  extraordinary  rate  of  feed  was  effected 
by  steam ;  i.  e.,  a  steam  cylinder,  38  feet  long,  and  1\  inches  diameter, 
has  its  piston  attached  to  the  carriage  so  that  a  log  16  feet  long  was 
forced  through  its  entire  length  in  a  trifle  over  one  second — instantly 
the  stroke  being  reversed,  the  carriage  returns  in  about  a  second ;  one 
jerk  with  a  lever  by  the  "setter"  or  man  who  rides  on  the  carriage, 
and  the  log  is  "  set"  for  an  inch  board,  and  the  saw  is  entering  it  again.* 
"  What  becomes  of  the  sawdust  ?  "  may  be  asked  by  some— as  no  saw 
would  have  throat  room  sufficient  to  contain  one-tenth  of  it.  It 


Fig.  116.    Lumberman's  Clipper. 

crowds  back  past  the  edge  of  the  saw,  mostly  on  the  board  side — the 
board  yielding  or  deflecting,  and  thus  opening  a  large  space  for  its 
reception  and  discharge.  If  the  lumber  sawed  be  say  2  inches  thick 
or  over,  and  too  rigid  to  yield  to  the  pressure  of  the  sawdust,  no  such 
feed  can  possibly  be  maintained ;  nor  if  the  saw  be  cutting  through 
the  centre  of  a  log,  where  no  deflection  can  take  place.  In  these  cases 
the  feed  of  the  carriage  or  log  must  be  graduated  to  the  capacity  of 
the  dust  chamber  or  throat  room  of  the  saw. 

The  teeth  or  attachments  of  an  inserted  teethed  "  circular"  should  be 
made  perfectly  secure,  so  as  to  obviate  any  danger  of  their  flying  out 
while  the  saw  is  in  rapid  motion,  and  endangering  life  and  doing  dam- 
age to  saw  or  machinery.  If  the  attachments  are  not  secure  the  tooth 

*This  is  familiarly  known  as  the  "shot-gun"  feed. 


Steams'  Kossiny  Machine. 


GRtMSHAW   ON   SAWS.  79 

is  liable  to  fly  out,  without  a  moment's  warning,  like,  a  bullet  (see  Sci- 
entific American,  Oct.  11,  page  279). 

A  curiosity  in  the  way  of  a  circular  saw  is  shown  in  Fig.  117 ;  there 
l)eing  two  planer  bits  inserted  (projecting  sidewise,  of  course),  to  clear 
off  the  roughness  left  by  the  cutting  teeth.  We  have  at  hand  no  record 
of  its  actual  performance. 

To  lessen  the  heating  of  circular  blades,  and  to  prevent  wabbling 
being  caused  by  expansion,  a  patent  circular  saw  has  radial  slots  termi- 
nating in  round  holes — the  office  of  these  being  to  prevent  cracks  from 
extending.  See  Fig.  118. 


Fig. 


Lockwood's  idea  is  that  if  a  radially  slotted  saw  be  heated  at  or 
near  the  eye,  the  slots  close  up  as  much  as  the  metal  expands,  thus 
leaving  the  edge  of  the  saw  entirely  unaffected.  Or,  if  the  edge  of  the 
saw  be  heated  and  consequently  expanded,  the  slots,  by  opening,  neu- 
tralize the  expansion,  and  both  the  eye  and  the  edge  remain  true.  A 
saw  never  or  very  rarely  becomes  heated  enough  to  injure  the  metal  or 
the  cutting  capacity  of  the  saw  ;  and  the  makers  claim  that  with  this 


80 


GRIMSIIAW   ON   SAWS. 


improvement,  a  saw  will  run  equally  true  and  make  lumber  equally 
well,  whether  the  saw  is  hot  or  cold,  and  will  never  require  straighten- 
ing. The  makers  also  claim  that  the  lumber,  with  the  improved  saw, 
is  truer  and  smoother  than  has  heretofore  been  made  with  circular  saws. 
They  explain  its  action  as  follows :  When  it  runs  out  of  the  log, 
the  log,  in  passing,  presses  hard  upon  the  outside  of  the  saw  near  the 
eye  or  within  the  range  of  the  slots,  and  by  the  friction  thus  produced, 
the  saw  becomes  heated  in  that  part,  and  consequently  expands,  where- 
upon the  sections  close  up  the  slots  and  project  inwards,  and  thus 
release  the  saw  from  the  great  strain  on  the  edge,  which  a  solid  saw 
must  endure  before  it  dishes.  When,  on  the  other  hand,  the  saw  runs 
into  the  log,  there  is  great  strain  thrown  upon  the  edge  of  the  saw  by 


Fig.  118. 

cramping  it  in  the  guides,  and  hence  the  heating  on  the  outer  edge 
and  consequent  expanding  of  that  part,  which  renders  the  saw  loose 
and  flabby  and  uncertain  in  its  operation.  They  claim  that  a  slotted 
saw  may  be  heated  ever  so  much  or  often,  and  never  be  thereby  thrown 
out  of  its  true  surface;  the  external  and  internal  vent  allowed  by  the 
slots  causing  the  saw  always  to  operate  easily  and  freely,  and  conse- 
quently be  less  liable  to  heat ;  and  if  it  does  heat,  no  bad  effect  is  pro- 
duced, nor  any  uncertain  operation  caused  thereby.  They  say :  "  A 
slotted  saw  will  invariably  run  where  the  filer  desires,  every  time  in 
the  same  track,  unless  violently  restrained.  If  the  saw  does  not  run 
where  you  want  it,  correct  it  by  filing.  In  consequence  of  their  being 
no  effect  produced  on  the  accurate  operation  of  the  saw  by  heating  or 


ON  SAWS.  81 

changing  the  temperature,  a  saw  can  be  run  with  equal  certainty  and 
as  effectually  as  a  solid  saw,  with  a  gauge  less  set.  A  slotted  saw  will 
therefore  save  fully  one-third  of  the  saw  scarf,  and  ten  per  cent,  of  the 
lumber  when  sawed  into  boards.  A  slotted  saw  will  never  spot, 
because,  however  much  it  may  be  heated,  it  will  resume  its  original 
shape  when  cooled." 

One  device  for  cooling  the  saw  and  preventing  cracks  from  extend- 
ing far,  is  a  number  of  round  holes  drilled  obliquely  through  the  plate, 
and  intended  to  cause  an  air  current  through  the  disk. 

It  is  estimated  that  three  times  re-gumming  a  non-perforated  circu- 
lar costs  nearly  the  price  of  a  new  saw.  Perforations  in  the  line  of  the 
gullet  lessen  this  cost.  The  metal  in  the  track  of  the  perforations  is 
softer  than  the  teeth,  because  of  the  sawdust  left  in  them  when  the 
plate  is  scoured  after  tempering  burns  when  the  plate  is  flattened  and 
draws  the  temper  of  the  holes. 

Spaulding  states  that  the  bevel  on  the  under  side  of  his  inserted 
teeth  should  range  down  on  an  angle  to  one-fifth  the  diameter  of  the 
saw. 

In  cutting  32-inch  stuff,  with  a  feed  of  ^  inch  to  each  tooth,  it  is 
evident  that  there  must  be  a  throat  area  of  at  least  32  x  -fa  =  two 
square  inches. 

Spaulding  computes  the  necessary  throat  room  thus : 

A  72-inch  saw  with  46  teeth,  cutting  4  inches  per  revolution, 
removes  128  square  inches  on  a  full  cut  of  a  32-inch  board.  This 
solid  wood  cut  into  dust  will  require  twice  the  space,  or  256  square 
inches ;  hence  each  tooth  should  have  5|  square  inches  throat  room, 
to  work  freely  and  easily  and  clear  freely.  With  leas  throat  it  will 
clog  or  force  the  sawdust  into  the  space  between  the  saw  and  the  log, 
and  cause  it  to  heat  on  the  rim. 

In  cutting  thin  boards  which  will  bend  aside,  perhaps  less  throat  is 
required.  See  performance  of  A.  G.  McCoy  with  a  72-inch  saw  tak- 
ing 12  inches  feed  on  a  23-inch  log. 

It  is  stated  that  the  Spaulding  inserted  teeth  will  stand  ^  inch  to 
|  inch  feed  to  the  tooth  and  have  room  for  the  dust. 

Disstons  have  a  patent  on  enlarging  circulars  which  have  been  worn 
down  to  unavailable  sizes,  by  means  of  segmental  rims  of  teeth,  the 
periphery  of  the  old  plate  and  the  inner  edges  of  the  segments  being 
halved  together  and  secured  with  rivets.  A  four-foot  plate  may  be 
pieced  out  to  5  or  six  feet.  The  expansion  of  the  rim  in  running  is 


S2  T.RIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 

said  to  be  checked  at  the  joint  and  not  to  affect  the  main  plate.  The 
old  plate  is  grooved  on  each  side  to  a  gauge  less  in  the  centre  than  at 
the  rim. 

By  the  use  of  an  "adjustable  cone  bushing,"  saws  of  varying-sized 
holes  can  be  used  on  different  arbors. 

THE  CYLINDER  SAW  has  many  names,  forms  and  applications,  all 
having  cylindrically  curved  edges  cutting  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
cylinder.  Perhaps  its  oldest  form  is  the  Trepan  or  Trephine  saw  (Fig. 
125),  of  the  surgeons ;  also  called  a  Crown  saw,  and  used  for  removing 
circular  pieces  of  bone  from  the  skull.  This  is  also  misnamed  the 
"  spherical  saw."  The  button  saw  has  a  similar  shape,  and  is  used  to 
cut  out  the  circular  blanks  of  bone  or  pearl  buttons.  As  the  barrel  or 
tub  saw,  it  is  used  to  saw  barrel  or  tub  staves  on  the  curve ;  in  this 
case  its  functions  being  not  to  remove  a  circular  disk,  as  in  the  trepan 
or  button  saws,  but  to  produce  a  longitudinal  segment  of  a  hollow  cyl- 
inder. A  similar  saw  is  used  for  sawing  wooden  water  troughs  and 


Fig.  125.     Trephine. 

sections  of  wooden  water  pipes.  Tube  saw  is  another  name  for  this 
class.  Fig.  126  is  a  fair  illustration. 

The  cylinder  saw  comes  into  play  nicely  where  the  waste  of  a  saw 
mill  is  to  be  sawed  into  staves,  as  in  the  Baltic  country. 

The  main  barrel  of  the  saws  is  not  hardened ;  the  teeth  are  on  a  band 
a  few  inches  wide,  soldered  on.  The  grinding  and  balancing  has  to  be 
most  exact,  and  it  is  generally  necessary  to  finish  the  saw  on  the 
spindle  on  which  it  is  to  be  run,  and  not  to  remove  it  afterwards. 

For  cutting  out  staves  for  tight  barrels  and  casks,  cylinders  40 
inches  long  and  24  inches  diameter  are  used. 

The  cylinder  saw  has  also  been  made  reciprocating  in  its  action,  to 
permit  cutting  very  long  segments.  As  the  piece  removed  by  a  cylin- 
der saw  passes  inside  the  band,  it  is  evident  that  there  can  be  no  arms 
to  stiffen  the  cutting  edge  if  the  rotary  action  be  continuous  ;  but  by 
making  the  teeth  double-acting  and  giving  the  cylinder  only  a  quarter 
or  a  fifth  rotation,  and  this  reciprocating,  a  segment  of  considerable 
width  and  of  unlimited  length  may  be  removed. 


OittMSHAW   ON   SAWS.  83 

THE  BAND,  BELT,  OR  RIBBON  SAW,  although  conceived  as  early  as 
1808,  by  Win.  Newberry  (for  splitting  skim  and  wood),  is  of  compara- 
tively recent  general  introduction,  having  laid  for  forty  years  as  a 
curiosity — it  being  supposed  impossible  to  join  the  blades  properly — and 
has  not  yet  reached  that  wide  application  for  heavy  work  to  which  its 
many  merits  entitle  it. 


The  machine  of  seventy-two  years  ago  contained  all  the  essential 
features  of  the  modern  machines.  We  illustrate  it  herewith,  by  kind  per- 
mission of  Messrs.  London,  Berry  &  Orton,  of  Philadelphia. 

As  we  now  know  the  baud  saw  it  is  a  thin,  flexible,  endless  band  of 
steel,  serrated  on  one  edge,  and  passing  over  two  large  straining  pul- 


H4 


ftRlMSHAW 


SAWS. 


leys,  ill  the  same  plane  and  with  parallel  axes,  the  rotation  of 
which  gives  it  motion  through  a  supporting  work  table.  The  teeth 
are  protected,  and  the  blade  given  greater  "grip"  on  the  pulleys 
(lessening  slip)  by  a  rubber  or  leather  tire.  One  maker  obviates  the 
destruction  of  tire  and  teeth,  when  the  lower  wheels  are  stopped  by 
the  brake,  by  having  false  over-tires  of  steel  covered  with  leather, 
slipping  on  the  main  tire. 


Fig.  127.    Original  Band  Saw  of  18O8. 

tt 

The  construction  of  the  blades  offers  a  paradoxical  problem.  They 
must  be  soft  and  flexible  to  pass  readily  around  the  pulleys  at  a  light 
speed,  without  breaking  ;  and  yet  they  must  have  hardness  sufficient  to 
receive  and  maintain  a  keen  cutting  edge,  and  stiffness  enough  to  resist 
somewhat  firmly  the  pushing  and  bending  tendency  of  a  high  feed. 

As  in  many  other  branches  of  industry,  the  demand  for  a  product  at 
first  deemed  difficult  or  impossible  to  make,  has  been  nobly  met.  The 
material  for  the  blade  has  been  produced  and  worked ;  and  the  many 
disheartening  difficulties  and  failures  in  the  machine  itself  have  been 
overcome.  Experience  and  inventive  genius  have  surmounted  the 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


85 


obstacles  interposed,  and  to-day  the  band  has  almost  entirely  super- 
seded the  reciprocating  saw  for  scroll  work  and  is  fast  encroaching 
upon  the  circular,  single  sash  and  mulay  for  resawing ;  while  strenuous 
efforts  are  being  made  to  force  its  use  for  log-sawing.  It  offers  for 
ship  timber  cutting  the  best  advantages  of  the  circular  in  smooth  or 
continuous  action  in  a  right  line;  and  that  of  the  scroll  or  "jig"  in 
capacity  to  saw  at  any  angle,  curve,  or  bevel. 

Like  the  circular  saw,  its  continuous  motion  admits  of  very  high 
speeds,  and  there  is  no  non-cutting  return  stroke.  One  of  its  prin- 
cipal advantages,  also,  is  its  immunity  from  heating,  there  being  but  a 
proportionally  small  portion  of  its  length  (say  two  or  three  per  cent.) 
in  frictional  contact,  and  this  being  cooled  by  rapid  passage  through 
the  air. 


Fig.  128.    Details  of  Newberry's  Mnchinc. 

One  good  feature  is  that  the  sawdust  is  constantly  carried  down ; 
it  requiring  no  blower  as  does  the  jig,  to  prevent  clogging  and  enable 
the  workman  to  see  the  line  he  is  cutting  to.  A  very  simple  adjusta- 
ble device  enables  it  to  be  kept  in  line  by  slightly  varying  the  position 
of  one  of  the  pulley  axles.  It  should  by  its  superior  steadiness  scratch 
less  stuff  than  Jthe  circular. 

No  matter  what  the  speed,  the  tension  of  the  band  remains  about 
the  same — as  is  not  the  case  with  the  circular.  It  is,  too,  easier  guided 
than  the  latter,  while  having  less  necessity  for  guidance.  These  prop- 
erties tell  in  the  market  price  of  lumber,  as  well  as  in  the  quantity  of 
planed  lumber  a  given  log  will  make. 

Perhaps  its  main  advantage!  is  in  its  narrow  kerf;  saving  time, 
material,  and  power  and  giving  increased  duty. 


No  (JEilMSIIAW   UN    HAWS. 

As  (lie  office  of  a  saw  is  in  sever  by  removing  or  wasting  material, 
the  thinner  it  can  be  hail,  the  more  economical  of  time,  power  and 
material. 

We  may  estimate  that  the  kerf  waste  (outside  the  employment  of 
the  best  gang  saws  in  "  deal  frames")  is  as  high  as  20  per  cent.,  or  one- 
fifth.  Indeed,  if  we  consider  the  American  mills,  which  turn  out  stuff 
principally  as  one-inch  boards,  the  waste  with  careless  sawing  is  as 
much  as  25  per  cent.,  or  one-fourth. 

The  circular  and  mulay  often  making  -^  inch  kerf,  which  is  increased 
to  f  incli  by  scratches  and  by  irregularity  of  line,  we  have  only  |  lum- 
ber for  f  kerf;  or  37|  per  cent,  loss,  in  material  alone.  As  every  fa 
inch  in  kerf  saves  1000  feet  of  liimber  in  each  16,000  feet  sawed,  any 
mill  cutting  on  an  average  16,000  per  day,  will  save  26,000  feet  of 
lumber  per  month,  or  more  than  the  entire  expense  of  running  the 
mill.  The  loss  of  power  is  in  most  places  directly  important,  and 
where  not  so  by  reason  of  cheapness  or  free  cost  of  fuel  or  of  water 
}K)wer,  the  lessened  duty  of  the  mill  is  an  item. 

To  this  may  be  added  labor  of  the  sawyer — who  finds  it  necessary 
to  dog  more  logs  to  produce  a  given  amount  of  lumber,  than  if  thinner 
and  smoother  kerfs  were  made ;  and  also  takes  more  time  to  cut  a 
given  quantity  with  the  thicker  and  slower-running  blades.  This 
figures  up  in  the  wages  account  per  thousand  feet  of  lumber  made. 

The  saving  in  power  is  not  directly  as  the  width  of  kerf,  as  the 
band  has  more  of  a  scraping  action  than  the  circular  and  takes  more 
power  per  given  width  of  kerf. 

If  we  consider  kerfs  running  from  ^  inch  to  J  inch,  on  inch  boards, 
and  see  how  many  boards  can  be  got  out  of  a  balk  of  a  given  size, 
with  each  kerf,  this  question  of  waste  of  material  is  very  plainly 
brought  to  mind. 

The  band  saw  is  the  straight  blade,  rolled  in  a  hoop,  and  cutting 
continuously.  The  circular  is  the  same  blade  developed  in  the  other 
plane,  into  a  disk.  The  band  meets  each  fibre  of  a  log  at  the  same 
angle.  The  circular  meets  those  on  the  top  less  at  a  right  angle  than 
those  at  the  bottom.  As  the  top  segment  of  one-third  the  diameter  of 
the  circular  has  more  than  one-third  the  semi-periphery  (see  Fig.  130), 
it  follows  that,  with  a  given  size  "  cant "  to  bo  cut,  the  circular  has  more 
tooth  line  to  cut  the  same  height  of  wood  than  the  band  has,  and  this 
is  often  an  advantage,  as  the  more  teeth  the  less  throat  room  required. 
Thus  the  circular,  which  has  greater  facility  for  having  throat  room 


GRIM8HAW  ON  SAWS. 


S7 


than  the  bund  has,  requires  it  less  for  a  given  size  of  tooth  ami  height 
of  cant. 


Fiy.  K.      Cutting  action  of  Hand  and  Circular  Saws  Compared. 


Fly.  129.    Perforated  Circular  Saws. 

Fig.  129  show  these  perforations  in  the  line  of  future  gullets,  as 
made  by  the  American  Saw  Company. 

All  the  teeth  of  the  band  meet  the  fibres  of  the  wood  at  the  same 
angle.  Those  of  the  circular  meet  them  at  a  varying  angle.  Moreover 
the  angle  at  which  any  tooth  of  the  circular  meets  the  log  is  much 


88 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


more  acute  than  that  at  which  the  band  saw  teeth  strike  it.  This  gives 
a  greedier  cut  and  more  of  a  cutting  than  a  scraping  action. 

Mr.  Pryibil,  of  New  York,  conceived  the  idea  of  giving  the  band 
saw  a  more  acute  angle  with  the  wood  (see  Fig.  130) ;  and  with  this 
aim,  tilted  thetable  of  a  band  saw  about  23£°,  and  fed  a  board  up  hill 
to  meet  the  blade.  Testing  the  traction  of  the  cutting  at  a  right  angle 
and  at  the  113£°,  he  found  the  feed  about  one-third  easier  in  the  latter 
case. 

The  band  saw  must  have  spring  set,  as  swaging  would  stretch  and 
crook  the  blade.  Spring  set  of  course  gives  a  blade  less  capacity  than 
swaging  does,  as  a  swaged  tooth  cuts  on  both  sides  of  the  blade,  and  a 
spring  tooth  on  but  one.  For  small  curves  it  requires  more  set  than 
for  large.  It  is  better  at  cross-cutting  than  at  ripping. 


Fig.  ISO.    Feeding  a  Batui  Saiv  Up  Hill. 

It  requires  skill  to  dress  and  operate  it.  Although  its  fast  feed  and 
coarse  cuttings  call  for  comparatively  large  throat  room,  with  ordinary 
tooth  spacing,  the  teeth  l)eing  necessarily  short,  it  is  not  capable  of 
having  sufficient  throat  room  for  coarse  feed,  and  hence  it  packs.  This 
may  be  obviated  by  increasing  the  distance  between  the  teeth — which 
lessens  the  duty  of  the  saw. 

As  the  blade  is  so  extremely  thin,  the  tension  is  difficult  to  keep ; 
changing  instantly  with  the  temperature  and  requiring  special  elastic 
or  weighted  tension  devices  to  prevent  it  breaking  by  cooling  down 
after  working. 

Too  coarse  a  feed  causes  the  back  to  be  crowded  and  get  longer,  like 
the  edge  of  a  leather  belt  that  runs  rubbing  against  a  shifter. 

The  friction  against  the  guides  tends  to  crystallize  and  crack  the 


Fig.  132.    Band  Resaiving  Machine. 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


89 


back  edge  of  the  band,  no  matter  how  carefully  the  back  guide  is 
made,  even  with  steel  balls  rolling  at  the  slightest  touch ;  but  by  keep- 


Fig.  131.    Band  Scroll  Saw. 

ing  the  proper  pitch  on  a  band-saw  tooth  it  may  be  given  a  "  lead  " 
into  the  cut,  thus  lessening  the  friction  on  the  stay-pin. 


00 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


For  soft  wood  the  tooth  space  should  be  about  one-half  and  their 
depth  one-fifth  the  blade  width.  For  hard  wood,  say  space  one-third 
and  depth  one-fifth  the  blade  width.  The  gullet  should  be  circular ; 
the  rake  not  enough  to  give  a  back  thrust. 


Fig.  133.    Band  Resaw — Operating  Side. 

As  yet  the  band  saw  can  cut  but  one  kerf  at  a  time,  not  being 
arranged  in  "  gangs  "  as  are  the  straight  and  the  circular  saws.  We 
imagine  that  the  principal  difficulties  to  contend  against  in  this  direc- 
tion would  be  connected  with  the  tension  and  alignment. 


GEIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


91 


Fig.  131  shows  a  band  scroll  sawing  machine ;  Fig.  132,  a  light  band 
re-saw,  for  working  up  to  14  inches,  with  saws  up  to  two  inches  wide. 
(This  takes  a  5  inch  belt  on  a  14  inch  pulley,  making  450  revolutions 
per  minute.) 


Fig.  134.    Band  Resaw—Rear  Side. 

Figs.  133  and  134  show  respectively  the  operating  and  rear  sides  of  a 
large  band  machine  for  resawing  lumber  into  panel  boards,  or  reducing 
deals  to  lumber.  This  takes  up  to  30  inches  high  and  in  the  centre  of 


92 


GRIMSHAW  ON   SAWS. 


18  inches,  the  kerf  being  only  -^  inch.  This  machine  will  produce 
two  f  inch  panels  planed  on  both  sides  from  one  inch  lumber,  instead 
of  requiring  1£  inch  to  produce  the  same  stuff.  The  wheels  are  60 
inches  diameter  and  take  saws  up  to  4  inches  wide,  being  placed  close 
together  to  keep  the  blade  as  straight  as  possible.  The  pulleys  of  this 
machine  are  30  inches  diameter  and  8  inch  face,  and  should  make  300 
revolutions  per  minute,  giving  the  blade  over  4500  feet  per  minute 
lineal  speed. 

Band-saw  blades  from  i  to  f  inch  are  21  gauge;  f  to  1£  inch,  20 
gauge;  1J  to  2  inches,  19  gauge;  2J  to  2|  inches,  18  gauge;  2|  to  3| 
inches,  17  gauge;  4  to  6  inches,  16  gauge. 


Fig.  140.    Chain  Saw — Concave  Cutting. 

To  Perin,  of  Paris,  the  world  is  indebted  for  making  the  band  saw 
— blades  and  machines — practical.  His  government  very  justly 
awarded  him,  for  his  services  in  this  connection,  the  decoration  of  the 
Grand  Cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

The  nondescript  CHAIN  SAW  merits  passing  mention.  It  conies  in 
between  the  reciprocating  rectilinear  and  the  continuous  curvilinear 
saws. 

Fig.  140  is  the  ordinary  surgeon's  chain  saw,  introduced  by  means 
of  the  curved  needle  shown,  and  then  fitted  with  the  handles  A  and  B, 
and  pulled  back  and  forth  around  the  bone  to  be  cut  off.  In  this  case 
it  cuts  with  its  concave  side. 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


Fig.  141  shows  a  surgical  chain  saw,  cutting  with  its  convex  edge. 
Messrs.  George  Tiemann  &  Co.  have  produced  an  entirely  novel  saw, 


the  invention  of  Mr.  F.  A.  Stohlmann.     It  is  intended  to  replace 
the  chain  saw  in  common  use,  and  is  free  from  the  tendency  to  bind, 


94  GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 

kink,  and  break  which  characterizes  the  latter  instrument.  It  consists, 
as  will  be  seen  in  Fig.  142,  of  two  handles  connected  by  a  wire  of  cast- 
steel,  on  which  is  strung  a  series  of  steel  beads  with  sharp  cutting 
edges.  The  instrument  might  indeed  be  called  a  file  quite  as  appro- 
priately as  a  saw,  and  its  action  on  a  bone  is  said  to  be  more  like  that 
of  the  first-mentioned  tool,  in  the  absence  of  such  rough  edges  as  are 
made  by  the  saw  in  common  use.  No  needle  is  required'  to  carry  it 
through  or  around  the  bone,  and  its  beads  can  be  readily  strung  on 
a  new  wire  in  case  of  a  break.  Another  advantage  lies  in  the  fact  that 
the  beads,  by  their  free  rotation,  present  fresh  cutting  edges  ;  and  still 
another  is  the  considerable  difference  in  price  between  this  instrument 
and  the  ordinary  chain  saw. 


Fig.  142.    Novel  Chain  Satv. 


APPENDIX  I. 


SAW  MAKING. 


Inasmuch  as  this  country  possesses  the  largest  saw  manufactory  in 
the  world,  and  our  needs  as  a  new  country,  constructing  so  largely  in 
wood,  and  exhausting  forests  for  railroad  ties  and  bridges,  tend  to 
develop  the  use  of  the  saw — it  may  be  presumed  that  our  systems  of 
saw  manufacture  and  our  skill  in  their  employment  are  in  no  whit 
behind  the  age,  and  are  worthy  of  public  notice. 

It  is  not  many  years  since  no  American  manufacturer  dared  to  use 
American  steel  for  saw  making.  The  first  successful  attempt  was 
made  surreptitiously.  Had  it  been  publicly  announced  before  succeed- 
ing, it  would  never  have  been  the  decided  success  it  now  is.  Now  we 
claim  that  the  Old  World  may  learn  from  us  in  saw  making,  and  even 
buy  from  us  the  manufactured  material. 

A  recent  prolonged  inspection  of  an  immense  saw  works,*  where  the 
proprietors  and  foremen,  all  practical  men,  fearing  neither  publicity 
nor  competition,  exerted  themselves  to  answer  in  detail  our  every 
question,  enables  us  to  present  the  following  outlines  of  the  process : 

The  steel,  which  is  all  "  crucible,"  is  made  in  the  works,  from 
Swedes  iron,  brands  "hoop  L.  Gr."  and  "hoop  F."  The  bars  are  cut 
small,  and  mixed  with  scrap  steel  from  the  manufacture  of  saws  and 
files.  Carbon  is  added  in  the  proportion  of  1  oz.  to  from  4  to  5J  Ibs.  of 
iron  (say  1|  to  1  per  cent.)  The  thicker  the  saws  desired  to  be  made, 
the  milder  or  less  carbonized  the  steel.  The  material  is  melted  in  graph- 
ite pots  holding  from  65  to  85  Ibs.  each,  and  run  in  iron  moulds  into 
ingots  varying  in  weight,  dimensions  and  shape  according  to  the  style 
and  size  of  saws  required  to  be  made.  Thus,  an  ingot  for  1J  dozen 

*  The  Keystone  Saw  Works  of  Messrs.  Henry  Disston  &  Sons,  Front  and  Laurel 
Ste.,  Philadelphia. 


96  GEIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 

handsaws,  26  inches  long,  and  tapering  from  7J  to  3  inches,  weighs 
48  Ibs.,  and  is  a  flat  block  6JX12X2  inches  in  size.* 

For  a  50-inch  circular  saw  three  pots  full  are  required,  and  the  ingot 
weighs  200  Ibs.  A  60-inch  circular,  rolled  to  No.  5  gauge  and  finished 
to  No.  6  gauge,  takes  a  260-lb.  ingot,  hammered  to  the  shape  shown  in 
Fig.  143,  the  pipe  end  or  part  which  was  uppermost  in  the  mould  being 
cut  off,  as  shown  by  the  V-shaped  groove,  because  less  solid  than  the 
rest. 

For  a  "  cross-cut "  saw  (familiarly  written  "  X  -cut ")  the  ingot  is 
cast  of  the  form  shown  in  Fig.  144,  more  convex  on  one  edge  than  on 
the  other.  It  rolls  to  the  profile  shown  in  Fig.  145,  and  is  afterwards 
trimmed  by  shears  to  the  shape  shown  in  Fig.  146. 

A  6-foot  cross-cut  of  14  plate  requires  an  11-lb.  ingot.  Peculiar 
tongs  are  used  to  grip  the  sheet,  and  great  skill  is  required  to  prevent 
their  slipping.  While  being  rolled  to  the  proper  gauge  the  plates  are 
slapped  vigorously  on  the  smooth  and  level  iron  floor,  to  slam  off  the 
scale  and  dirt,  which  would  otherwise  be  rolled  into  them. 

*  "  Some  manufacturers — or  at  least  one — has  compiled  from  his  practice  a  table  of 
the  weight  of  ingot  required  to  roll  out  to  a  certain  gauge  and  size  of  plate,  so  that,  if 
an  order  is  given  to  the  rolling-mill  to  take  an  ingot  of  specified  size  and  shape  and 
roll  it  out  to  given  dimensions,  the  result  will  be  a  certain  gauge  or  thickness.  By  this 
means  accuracy  and  simplicity  are  insured,  since  the  skill  of  the  workman  in  accu- 
rately measuring  the  gauge  is  not  depended  on.  In  point  of  fact,  the  workman  need 
not  be  told  anything  about  the  gauge  thickness.  Fine  measurements  are  not  in  his 
line,  and,  though  he  can  measure  the  size  of  a  sheet  of  steel,  he  is  not  at  home  measur- 
ing minutely  to  gauge. 

As  an  example  of  the  use  of  the  table  referred  to,  suppose  it  is  required  to  make 
two  dozen  handsaws  56  inches  long  and  of  19  gauge ;  a  plate  of  26xlO£  will  just  make 
two  such  saws.  Then  the  manufacturer  calculates  thus :  10  J  (the  width  of  plate)  x  26 
(the  length  of  plate)  =  273  inches ;  this  will  make  two  of  the  required  saws.  This, 
multiplied  by  12,  gives  the  area  of  plate  required  to  make  the  two  dozen  saws.  Then, 
turning  to  his  table  (which  is  a  table  of  constant  numbers)  he  finds  against  19  gauge 
the  constant  number  72,  and  by  dividing  the  area  of  plate  required  by  this  72,  he 
obtains  the  precise  weight  of  ingot  required  to  make  the  two  dozen  saws,  and  bring 
them  out  to  correct  size  and  gauge,  allowing  sufficient  for  trimming  the  edges  of  the 
plates.  By  this  system  (Joshua  Oldham's)  he  is  enabled  to  give  to  the  rolling  mill 
an  order  thus :  "  Eoll  me  an  ingot  weighing  45  J  pounds ;  cut  it  into  12  equal  parts, 
and  roll  each  piece  to  26xlOj  inches ;"  with  the  result  that  he  will  not  be  required  to 
pay  for  rolling  any  more  metal  than  that  just  requisite  to  make  the  two  dozen  saws, 
and  the  saws  will  be  the  proper  gauge.  (The  reader  will  observe  that  the  workman  is 
not  required  to  use  the  gauge  at  all.) 

Plates  so  rolled  will,  for  handsaws,  be  split  diagonally  lengthways,  forming  two  saws 
from  each  sheet."  [ JOSHUA  ROSE,  in  Cincinnati  ArtisanJ] 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


97 


After  rolling,  the  plates  are  cut  to  outline  by  powerful  shears :  then, 
if  large,  "  gummed  "  or  toothed  by  properly  shaped  dies  in  fly  or  cam 
presses. 


Jfammtred J/tgot 

for  Circular  3 


Fig.  143. 

For  small  hand  saws  the  teeth  are  nicked  out  by  a  rapidly-revolving 
cutter  in  an  automatic  machine,  cutting  out  500  teeth  per  minute. 

A  Sheffield  operator,  using  a  fly  press,  tooths  a  handsaw  with  115 
teeth  in  less  than  two  minutes,  and  his  regular  task  is  two  dozen  24" 
saws  in  eight  hours.  Circular  saws  have  the  eye  driilled  out  before 
toothing. 

The  forms  of  teeth  are  legion.  Various  grades  of  work  naturally 
require  special  forms  and  dispositions  of  teeth ;  added  to  which,  cus- 
tomers have  their  own  whims  or  ideas  on  the  subject,  and  hold  them 
very  tenaciously. 

As  sawyers  are  quite  apt  to  file  circular  saw  teeth  very  wastefully, 
the  establishment  we  visited  has  devised  an  original  tooth  shape,  which 
may  be  adhered  to  until  the  plate  is  too  much  worn  away  for  further 
use,  and  which  is  economical  of  saws,  time  and  files.  The  principle  is 
intended  to  make  the  tooth  outline  as  nearly  peripheral  and  as  little 
radial  as  possible. 

Referring  to  Fig.  148,  the  larger  circle  represents  the  saw  outline,  the 
inscribed  circular  arcs  having  their  centres  on  the  same  circle,  showing 


98 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


the  original  tooth  outline,  which  may  be  preserved  throughout  the  life 
of  the  saw,  at  a  minimum  reduction  of  saw  plate  diameter.  For  woods 


I 


requiring  shallower  teeth  the  peripheral  teeth  lines  are  on  larger  circles, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  148.  The  peripheral  lines  are  left  scribed  on  the  plates, 
to  keep  the  average  sawyer  from  his  natural  tendency  to  dig  in  radi- 
ally. 


GfclMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


Fig.  147.    Cam  Press. 


Fig.  148.    Peripheral  Lines. 


100  GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 

After  toothing  comes  hardening,  the  toothed  plates  being  heated 
to  a  light  cherry  red,  and  then  plunged  in  a  bath  composed  of  whale 
oil,  tallow,  rosin  and  beeswax.  The  plates,  after  hardening,  should 
be  as  brittle  as  glass.  They  are  covered  with  scale,  grease  and  dirt, 
which  is  removed  by  scraping  and  scouring  with  sawdust.  They  come 
out  buckled,  and  require  to  be  flattened.  This  is  done  between  heated 
dies  brought  together  by  hydraulic  pressure.  The  dies  are  circular  in 
form  and  horizontal  in  position,  and  about  five  to  six  feet  in  diameter. 

They  are  enclosed  in  a  furnace  with  an  adjustable  blast,  and  are 
revolved  to  keep  the  temperature  even. 

The  proper  color  for  handsaws  is  a  blue,  coresponding  to  spring 
temper. 

After  removing  from  the  tempering  dies,  handsaws  are  piled  up 
and  held  down  by  a  weight  of  the  shape  shown  in  Fig.  149,  to  keep 
them  flat  and  straight. 


Fig.  149.    Hand-Saw  Weight. 

Each  hand- saw  blade  is  tested  by  a  straight-edge  and  by  bending  in 
a  circle.  If  it  does  not  perfectly  recover  its  original  position  it  is 
rejected  and  rehardened.  The  teeth  of  this  same  spring-tempered 
blade  are  then  laid  on  a  "  stake  "  and  struck  smartly  with  a  light  ham- 
mer, to  see  if  they  will  take  a  permanent  set ;  unless  they  will,  the  saw 
is  not  up  to  standard. 

After  being  "smithed  "  the  blades  are  ground.  Wood-  and  handsaws 
are  sprung  into  the  inside  of  the  rim  of  a  large  rotating  iron  wheel 
(say  ten  feet  in  diameter),  and  thus  presented  to  the  face  of  a  rapidly 
revolving  grindstone. 

Cross-cuts  are  ground  between  two  huge  stones  (6  feet  diameter,  8 
inches  face,  and  weighing  2638  Ibs.  each),  the  distance  of  which  apart 
is  regulated  by  a  screw.  The  blade  is  passed  back  and  forth  between 
the  stones,  working  from  the  back  of  the  saw  towards  the  teeth,  the 
feed  being  reversed  at  each  pass  and  the  stones  brought  nearer  together 
as  they  wear  away.  This  operation  is  repeated  until  the  saw  is  of  the 
required  gauge,  the  back  being  made  two  to  four  gauges  thinner  than 


GBIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


101 


the  edge  by  this  process  of  inserting  it  first  between  the  edges  of  the 
stone  faces  and  passing  the  blade  gradually  inward  toward  the  centre 
of  the  faces,  so  that  all  of  it  is  exposed.  The  stones  have  a  peripheral 
velocity  of  about  3000  feet  per  minute. 

Large  circulars  are  ground  by  passing  them  through  a  special  ma- 
chine having  two  large  grindstones,  the  axles  of  which  may  be  brought 
nearer  together  by  a  screw.  The  saw  is  on  a  temporary  arm  on  a  car- 
riage having  a  traversing  motion,  so  that  all  parts  of  its  surfaces,  from 
rim  to  centre,  are  exposed  to  the  action  of  the  stones.  The  stones  run 
2500  to  3000  feet  per  minute. 

Circulars  are  ground  even  gauge  throughout,  or  tapered  at  tJie  rim, 
or  thin  at  the  edge,  according  to  circumstances.  Large  saws  are  ta- 
pered at  the  rim,  to  make  less  kerf,  take  less  power  and  lessen  ex  ntrifu- 
gal  force. 


Fig.  150.    Circular  Saw  Grinder. 

Small  saws  and  grooving  saws  are  thin  at  the  centre,  to  avoid  the 
need  of  spreading  or  bending  the  teeth  to  give  their  clearance. 

In  the  early  days  of  saw  manufacture  all  circulars  were  ground  thin- 
nest at  the  eye,  because  they  were  held  on  a  face  plate  by  screws 
between  the  teeth,  and  left  free  at  the  centre ;  the  centre  hence  got  the 
most  grinding,  as  the  screw  heads  must  be  cleared.  Such  saws,  thin- 
nest at  the  eye,  would  not  have  stood  the  high  speeds  and  feed  of  the 
present  day,  then  unknown — such,  for  instance  as  a  76"  circular,  6 
and  7  gauge,  56  teeth,  running  750  revolutions  (15,000  feet)  per 
minute. 

Circular  saws  are  polished  and  given  the  appearance  of  having  been 
ground  circularly,  by  revolving  them  on  a  face  plate  and  pressing 
against  them,  successively,  blocks  of  lead,  cork  and  leather,  supplied 
with  emery  and  oil. 

XT 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  ) 
or 


102  GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 

No  matter  how  flat  a  saw  may  be  pressed  between  the  tempering 
dies,  the  majority  of  leading  saw  makers  claim  that  the  tension  will  be 
uneven  in  spots,  and  that  hammering  is  necessary  to  equalize  it. 

A  buckle  or  bend  in  a  plate  is  known  as  a  "  tight "  or  a  "  loose  " 
place.  A  circular  which  is  flat  and  true  and  even  in  tension  while  at 
rest  is,  when  running  at  a  high  speed,  expanded  more  at  the  rim  than 
near  the  eye,  or  is  "  centre  bound,"  the  rim  waving  and  tending  to  cut 
out  of  line  and  run  into  or  out  of  the  log  as  influenced  by  a  knot  or 
any  other  inequality  In  the  grain.  This  causes  friction  and  heating  and 
permanent  "  dishing."  The  rim  expands  proportionally  more  than  the 
portions  nearer  the  eye,  because  it  runs  faster,  and  perhaps  because  the 
tooth  spaces  weaken  it. 

It  is  the  saw-straightener's  duty  to  compensate  in  advance  for  the 
expansion  due  to  centrifugal  motion,  by  giving  a  rim  tension  which, 
while  insufficient  to  actually  dish  the  saw  while  at  rest,  will  neverthe- 
less be  there  when  wanted,  and  will  counteract  the  expansion  of  the 
rim  at  high  speeds.  If  he  give  too  much  such  tension,  the  plate, 
"  rim-bound  "  when  in  motion,  heats  in  the  centre  and  dishes,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  151. 

When  we  consider  that  the  compensating  tension  required  to  be  thus 
given  depends  upon  the  diameter,  thickness,  temper  and  tension  of  the 
plate,  and  also  upon  the  number,  shape  and  depth  of  the  teeth,  the 
quality  of  the  lumber  to  be  cut,  and  the  speed  at  which  the  disk  is  to 
rotate,  we  may  well  imagine  that  novices  are  not  intrusted  with  this 
work,  which  requires  in  the  highest  degree  experience,  judgment  and 
skill.  The  deliberate,  steady,  well  chosen  hammer  blows  are  not  to 
buckle  or  dent  the  blade,  but  simply  to  create  or  to  remove  local  tension. 


Fig.  151.    Dishing  Circular.  Fig.  152.    Doghead. 


GR1MSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


ID:; 


The  "doghead"  hammer  (Fig.  152)  weighs  about  3  Ibs.  Its  length 
is  about  5J"  inches  and  its  diameter  If ".  The  handle  is  14"  long 
and  stands  at  an  angle  of  85°  to  the  head.  The  face  is  evenly  round- 
ing. Fig.  153  is  a  blocking  hammer,  very  slightly  rounding  at  A. 
The  block  and  anvil  are  shown  herewith  (Fig.  154). 

The  doghead  is  used  mainly  for  stretching,  or  removing  a  tension. 
The  handle  being  at  the  angle  shown  with  the  head,  the  blow  is  a  dead 
one,  free  from  spring  or  rebound.  The  head  being  heavy,  and  with 
rounding  face,  and  the  speed  being  slow,  it  leaves  no  "  hammer  sinks  " 
or  dents  on  the  plate  or  blade. 


Fly.  153.    Blocking  Hammer. 


Fig.  154.    Anvil  and  Block. 

The  parts  of  the  plate  under  treatment  must  be  perfectly  flat  on  the 
anvil,  else  the  blow  would  dent  or  distort  the  blade.  Supposing  the 
plate  thus  properly  bedded  on  the  anvil,  a  blow  of  the  doghead  may 
be  given  so  as  to  stretch  equally  in  all  directions,  as  at  A,  Fig.  155,  or 
by  striking  aslant,  the  effects  are  produced  as  shown  at  B,  same  figure. 
(Such  slanting  blows  arc  always  given  from  the  operator,  even  if  it  be 
necessary  to  turn  the  blade  end  for  end  to  do  this). 


104 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


The  blocking  hammer,  Fig.  153,  produces,  by  lateral  motion,  an 
effect  to  one  side  of  the  line  of  contact.  Thus,  in  Fig.  156,  using  one 
face  and  a  leftwise  motion,  the  effects  are  distributed  as  shown  at  E, 
while  with  the  other  face  and  an  outward  motion,  they  are  as  shown 
at  C.  The  curve  of  the  face  tends  to  lift  or  curl  the  plate  up,  the 
results  being  as  shown  at  A  and  B,  Fig.  157. 


Fig.  155. 


Fig.  156. 

Coarser  defects  can  be  noticed  by  the  expert  as  the  plate  lies  on  the 
block;  lesser  ones  are  found  by  "sighting"  the  plate,  as  in  Fig.  158, 
the  shadows  denoting  uneven  places. 


Fig.  157. 

Reversing  the  plate,  as  in  Fig.  159,  and  bending  it  back  and  forth, 
expanded  portions  move  more  easily  than  the  average ;  tight  places  are 
stiffer  and  must  be  stretched — this  equalizing  the  tension  also.  The 


GRIMSHAW    ON   SAWS. 


105 


straight  edge  (Fig.  160)  is  frequently  applied  during  the  hammering 
process. 


Fig.  158. 


Fig.  159. 


Fig.  16O. 

The  plate  should  be  well  bedded  to  the  anvil  while  receiving  the 
blows,  otherwise  the  hammer  will  "  drum  "  and  the  plate  will  be- 
come convex  on  the  hammered  side  by  reason  of  stretching  its  skin. 

Fig.  161  denotes  a  blade  loose  in  the  middle  where  the  oval  shadow 
is  given.  To  remedy  this,  blows  with  the  doghead  must  be  shown,  as 


GRIMSHAW    ON   SAWS. 

shown  by  the  marks  A  and  B,  thus,  stretching  the  parts  struck  and 
allowing  the  loose  place  to  flatten,  while  slightly  lengthening  the  blade. 

If,  however,  the  blade  were  "  tight "  in  the  center  it  would  be  struck 
as  at  Ay  Fig.  162,  to  stretch  the  tight  place.  If  it  were  atwist,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  163,  the  blocking  hammer  would  be  used,  as  shown  by 
the  heavy  line-marks,  the  plate  being  placed  with  drooping  side  down, 
and  the  hammer  curling  or  lifting  this. 

To  remedy  a  kink  or  wave  (Fig.  164)  the  plate  is  placed  with  the 


Fig.  161.    Loose  Centre. 


Fig.  162.    Tight  Centre. 


Fig.  163.    Atwist. 


Fig.  164.    Kink. 

hollow  face  of  the  kink  downwards  and  struck  as  at  A,  lifting  the 
part  kinked.  Turning  the  plate  over,  the  blows  B  are  then  given, 
removing  the  kink. 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS.  107 

Fig.  165  shows  a  dished  circular  plate,  which  must  be  undished  by 
putting  the  concave  upwards  and  striking  as  shown,  thus  tending  to 
stretch  the  top  and  straighten  the  plate. 


Fig.  165.    Dished  Circular  Plate. 


APPENDIX  II. 


CARE  AND  USE  OF  CIRCULAR  SAWS. 


The  shape  of  teeth  is  most  important,  as  regards  not  only  their  cut- 
ting, but  the  economy  of  the  plate.  The  dotted  lines  of  Fig.  166  show 
circular  saw  teeth  as  they  are  when  they  leave  the  factory ;  they  some- 
times get  down  to  the  shape  shown  by  B,  C,  D — without  sawdust 
room.  Such  filing  also  uses  up  files  and  saws,  while  cracks  are  liable 
to  start  in  the  sharp  angles  or  the  teeth  break  off  as  at  A. 

Fig.  168  shows,  in  full  size,  what  Disston  calls  the  "Jones  tooth," 
filed  from  the  top  instead  of  from  below.  Dotted  line  1  shows  the 
circumference  on  leaving  the  factory ;  2  shows  where  the  periphery 
should  have  been  brought  by  properly  filing ;  line  3  shows  where  the 
periphery  comes  to  by  bad  filing.  And  yet  from  A  to  B  is  as  far  as 
from  A  to  C!  This  tooth  is  also  highest  at  the  back,  scraping  instead 
of  cutting,  and  it  has  no  dust  chamber. 

If  the  saw  be  dull,  either  at  or  under  the  points,  as  seen  in  Fig.  1 69, 
it  will  not  do  good  work. 

Looking  at  points  A  and  B  of  Fig.  169,  (showing  a  cracked  saw)  it  is 
easily  seen  that  it  is  broken  by  over-work  while  dull.  A  tooth  of  a 
24-inch  circular  saw  strikes  the  wood  at  the  rate  of  9000  feet  per 
minute,  2000  times  per  second,  1,200,000  times  per  day,  and  if  not 
sharp  the  saw  must  eventually,  even  if  once  strong,  get  tender  and 
break,  as  seen  at  D. 

If  the  tooth  takes  one-eighth  inch  hold  of  the  wood  at  each  revolu- 
tion it  gets  dull  one-eighth  inch  below  the  point,  and  proportionally 
for  other  feeds. 

If  the  saw  were  a  razor  and  the  man  who  works  it  were  obliged  to 
shave  with  it,  then  the  saw  would  be  kept  sharp.  It  is  quite  as  essen- 
tial that  a  saw  be  sharp  as  as  a  razor,or  plane,  or  any  other  cutting 
instrument;  and  when  proud,  or  full  and  sharp,  it  does  not  require 
one-half  the  set  or  power  on  the  same  feed, 


GRIMSHAW    ON   SAWS, 


109 


While  a  tolerably  good  workman  may  run  a  mill,  yet  a  good  saw- 
yer's lumber  always  brings  higher  price  than  that  of  a  less  skilled  man. 

A  saw  often  improves  in  temper  by  use,  as  the  extreme  points  of  the 
teeth  are  often  too  soft  at  first. 

A  saw  improperly  hung,  unevenly  set,  filed  untrue ;  teeth  lacking 
pitch,  or  having  too  much ;  teeth  with  back  higher  than  point,  with 
scant  dust  room,  or  the  plate  unevenly  balanced — all  cause  trouble. 


I 

CJ 


A  saw  will  not  balance  rightly  unless  absolutely  round,  having  teeth 
of  equal  size  and  shape  and  gullets  of  equal  depths. 

The  guide  or  gauge  of  a  bench  saw  should  never  pass  the  centre  of 
the  saw. 

A  saw  plate  may  be  in  perfect  condition  and  yet  not  run  true,  on 
account  of  lack  of  truth  in  the  collar. 


110 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


It  is  best  to  take  a  full  deep  cut,  rather  than  a  light  scraping  one. 
With  a  buzz  saw,  having  ^  inch  feed,  it  takes  thirty-two  teeth  to  cut 
an  inch  of  lumber ;  with  ^  inch  feed,  only  eight,  and  you  break  the 
fibre  only  eight  times  instead  of  thirty-two.  Of  course  the  tooth  gets 
dull  further  under  with  the  higher  feed,  but  requires  very  little  more 
sharpening. 


APPENDIX  III. 


SAW  FILING. 


Hardly  any  two  sawyers  agree  as  to  the  exact  "  best  mode  "  of  filing. 
So  many  published  and  unpublished  opinions  directly  contradict  one 
another  that  we  feel  justified  in  adhering  to  Holzappfel's  directions, 
modified  somewhat  by  the  changes  in  files  and  in  saw  teeth  which  have 
come  about  since  then. 

We  will  consider  straight  blades  first.  They  should  be  held  teeth 
upwards,  in  a  "  clamp."  Strips  of  wood  or  sheet  lead  between  the 
clamp  jaws  absorb  the  vibrations  and  lessen  the  horrible  screeching  so 
annoying  to  nerves. 

If  a  saw  be  allowed  to  shake  and  jar  while  being  filed,  it  is  almost 
sure  to  break  the  teeth  out  of  the  edge  of  a  good  sharp  file ;  and  the 
better  and  sharper  the  file,  the  more  liable  it  will  be  to  break  by  such 
filing.  By  holding  the  file  firm  and  down  close  to  the  jaws  of  the 
clamps  the  files  will  last  much  longer,  and  a  keener  edge  may  be  got 
on  the  saw. 

The  best  cut  for  saw  files,  except  for  very  small  teeth,  is  "  float "  or 
"  single,"  made  by  a  single  row  of  chisel  cuts. 

The  five  diagrams  herewith  given  show,  each,  three  views  of  the 
teeth.  For  metal-saws  the  file  is  held  90°  in  both  vertical  and  hori- 
zontal angles ;  for  hard  woods,  90°  to  80°  horizontally ;  for  soft  woods, 
70°  to  60°  and  less,  the  vertical  angle  being  half  the  horizontal,  but 
less  important.  Filing  teeth  bent  towards  the  operator  causes  great 
chattering  and  screeching  and  strips  the  file  teeth.  First,  "top  '  or 
"joint "  teeth  by  passing  the  file  lengthwise  over  them,  to  equalize  their 
length,  bearing  harder  on  the  ends  (where  there  is  least  wear.)  File 

O          7  O  V  ' 

the  faces  or  fronts  before  the  tops.  When  the  teeth  are  to  be  square, 
file  in  regular  succession  1,  2,  3,  4.  When  the  file  is  inclined  so  as  to 
give  "  fleam,"  file  1,  3,  5,  9  to  right,  2,  4,  6,  8  to  left. 


G-RIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


Fig.  169  shows  teeth  for  metal  frame  saws  (blacksmiths').  Small 
metal  saws,  made  of  watchsprings,  are  filed  with  a  guide  fitting  in  one 
notch  and  serving  as  a  bearing  for  the  side  of  the  file  in  making  the 
next  tooth  back. 


Fig.  169. 

Fig.  170  shows  the  "peg"  tooth  with  plenty  of  fleam.     M  teeth 
and  mill  saw  teeth  are  sharpened  about  the  same  as  the  peg. 


•f'N  i        ^               >/N 

^N  ''' 

\xis^_ 

iJL/    ZTT3    Ni-jLi' 

/  ^r  \    \^L  /    /  ^r  \ 

^vJLJ7 

^N^~ 

^*NX"                             ^^i'^"^ 
A'  / 
Fig.  17O. 

\  h 

.  File  sides  1,  5,  9  (the  left  of  alternate  teeth),  at  horizontal  angle  h. 
Then  opposite  sides  of  same  teeth,  2,  6,  10,  with  reverse  angle  h'. 
Then  the  other  teeth,  from  the  other  side  of  the  blade,  that  is,  12,  8,  4; 
then  11  7,  3. 


Fig.  171  shows  teeth  with  60°  angles,  as  those  of  the  hand-saw. 
The  file  generally  cute  a  front  and  a  back  at  once.     After  topping,  file 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


I,  5,  9  (alternate  teeth)  back  to  the  centre  of  each  face  produced  by 
topping.     Then  take  sides  2  and  3,  6  and  7,  10  and  11  of  the  nooks, 
and  file  them  forward  to  meet  the  line  a.     This  finishes  faces  3,  7  and 

II.  The  saw  is  then  changed  end  for  end,  and  tops  4,  8  and  12  fin- 
ished.    Thus  the  first  course  files  a  face  only  of  odd  teeth ;  the  second, 
the  backs  of  odd  teeth  and  faces  of  even ;  the  third,  the  tops  of  even 
teeth. 

Fig.  172  shows  a  pruning  saw  for  green  wood,  ground  very  much 
thinner  at  the  back  and  not  set.  Excessive  bevel  is  given,  and  it  cuts 
clean  and  sweet. 


\\ 


\\ 


/  7*       ;       \  A 

Fiff.  172. 

Fig.  173  is  done  with  a  pit-saw  file  smaller  than  the  gullet.  First, 
make  gullets  3,  7,  1 1  very  obliquely  in  the  vertical  plane ;  first  filing 
the  face  of  one  tooth  and  then  the  back  of  the  other.  Then  file  tops 
of  teeth  4,  8,  12  with  flat  side  of  file,  at  angle  from  5°  to  40°  with  the 
edge,  and  80°  to  60°  with  the  side  of  the  blade  (the  5°  to  80°  being  for 
the  hardest  and  40°  and  60°  for  the  softest  woods). 


Fig.  173. 

File  the  front  of  all  teeth  set  from  you,  and  the  back  of  those  set 
towards  you.  The  most  frequent  custom  seems  to  be  to  file  from  front 
to  handle. 

From  6  to  8  inches  at  the  point  of  the  hand  rip-saw  may  be  filed 


114 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


at  a  less  angle  than  the  rest ;  that  is,  at  the  "  cross-cut "  pitch.  This 
enables  the  sawyer  to  rip  through  knots  without  changing  saws. 

Some  advise  making  a  swell  in  the  center  (say  J  inch  in  a  26-inch 
saw),  to  counteract  the  rocking  tendency  of  the  sawyer,  whose  hand 
tends  to  go  down  on  the  forward  stroke. 

Some  experienced  men  advocate  going  over  the  saw  in  three  light 
filings  to  produce  a  keen  regular  result. 

The  last  teeth  of  cross-cuts  may  be  rounded  at  the  points  to  prevent 
tearing  on  entering  and  leaving  the  cut. 

Fig.  174  shows  a  hardened  steel  gauge  for  regulating  clearer  teeth  ; 
the  file  should  dress  off  projecting  points  to  a  level  with  the  gauge. 


Fig.  174.    Clearer  Gauge. 

A  cross-cut  hand  saw  should  cut  a  little  more  on  the  down  than  on 
the  up  stroke,  as  the  arm  is  there  strongest ;  hence  the  teeth  should 
pitch  a  little  forwards. 

The  "  wire  edge  "  should  be  taken  off  with  a  whetstone,  after  filing. 

In  sharpening  an  under-cut  or  a  parallel  tooth  there  is  danger  lest 
the  original  shapes  get  perverted,  as  in  Cand  I),  Figs.  175  and  176. 


Fig. 


Fig.  176. 


By  the  use  of  a  special  section,  as  the  "  Lumberman's  "  cross-cut  file, 
an  M  tooth  with  slightly  inclined  sides  is  easily  kept  in  condition. 
"  As  you  pay  for  the  edge  of  a  file  as  well  as  the  flat,  why  not 
use  it?" 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


115 


Figs.  179,  180  and  181  show  the  mode  of  applying  a  special  section 
file  to  the  "  Great  American  "  cross  cut. 

Fig.  179  shows  the  manner  of  filing  the  long  edge  of  the  end 
tooth;  Fig  180,  the  short  or  inside  edge  of  the  end  tooth;  Fig.  181, 
the  gullet. 


The  adjustable  clamp  shown  in  Fig.  182  enables  a  saw  to  be  filed  at 
any  angle,  or  square,  as  desired. 

Band  saw  files  have  their  edges  rounded  to  make  the  notches  less 
liable  to  start  cracks. 


GRIMSHAW  Ok  SAWS. 


Fig.  18O. 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


117 


Fig.  181. 


Fig.  182.    Saw  Filing  Clamp. 


118  GRJMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 

We  remember  seeing  at  the  Centennial  Exposition,  Philadelphia,  a 
band  sawfiling  machine  employing  a  spiral  or  screw  file  with  a  pitch 
equal  to  the  tooth  space,  and  hence  self  feeding.  Rotation  of  the  file 
sharpened  the  band  evenly  and  fed  it  along  automatically.  The  file, 
however,  has  the  disadvantage  of  being  difficult  to  forge,  temper  and 
cut,  and  of  being  uiilizable  on  one  corner  only. 

Shingle  saws  should  be  filed  square  across  the  teeth,  and  given  just 
enough  set  to  clear  the  blade. 

In  filing  circular  saws,  many  men  are  in  too  great  a  hurry  to  get 
the  teeth  sharp,  and  file  from  the  top  rather  than  from  the  front  or 
bottom. 

In  Fig.  183,  dotted  line  B  shows  where  the  point  first  wears;  CCC} 
how  it  should  be  filed  back ;  but  too  often,  on  account  of  the  long  sur- 
face, and  the  sharp  corner  at  /,  the  filing  is  done  on  the  top.  Filing 
back  on  line  CCC  the  diameter  is  diminished  only  to  F,  while  from 
the  top  you  work  it  down  to  D. 

In  Fig.  184  the  same  tooth  is  shown,  gummed  by  a  machine  and 
leaving  but  little  under  filing. 


Fig.  184. 

Never  file  a  circular  saw  to  a  "  proud  edge,"  but  file  on  the  under 
side  near  to  an  edge,  striking  lightly.  Keep  the  teeth  very  hooking 
with  a  bevel  of  one-sixteenth,  swaged,  not  filed,  on  the  under  side. 

Circular  saw  teeth,  "out  of  round"  should  be  marked  with  a  piece 
of  chalk  while  the  saw  revolves  slowly. 

To  ascertain  whether  a  circular  saw  tooth  is  exactly  to  shape,  a  sheet 
steel  gauge  is  applied  as  shown  in  Fig.  185. 

Exactly  even  setting  is  impossible ;  some  teeth  will  overhang  more 
more  than  others  ;  this  causes  rough  lumber.  The  adjustable  side  file 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


119 


gauge  (Fig.  186)  enables  absolute  uniformity  to  be  given,  after  setting, 
and  by  its  use  a  saw  may  be  enabled  approximately  to  "  plane  lumber." 
The  "  side  file "  is  to  regulate  the  teeth  after  setting,  and  prevent 
unduly  projecting  teeth  from  making  rough  lumber.  The  set  screws 
adjust  the  file  to  any  set  desired ;  the  jaw  nuts  hold  them  tight. 


Fig.  186.    Side  File. 

Fig.  187  shows  an  adjustable  filing  machine  for  filing  circular  or 
straight  saws.  It  will  file  a  tooth  square  top  and  bottom,  or  bevel 
point  and  square  back,  or  square  point  and  bevel  back,  filing  from 
right  to  left  or  left  to  right. 

For  ordinary  hand  saws  a  triangular  file  is  employed,  the  con- 
tour being  taper,  as  shown  in  Fig.  188,  and  the  lengths  3,  3J,  4,  5,  6, 


120  GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 

8  and  10  inches.  An  improvement  is  the  "slim  hand  saw  taper,"  Fig. 
189,  made  from  the  same  sized  stock ;  the  lengths  being  4,  5,  6,  7,  8, 
10  and  12,  inches,  giving  greater  sweep  or  stroke. 

The  ordinary  three-square  file  (Fig.  190)  is  not  intended  for  saw 
filing  and  utterly  unfit  therefor.  They  are  generally  as  thin  as  pos- 
sible in  the  edges  and  corners,  drawn  and  cut  to  a  small  point,  and 
double  cut  to  the  point.  All  saw  files,  whether  double  cut  or  single 
cut,  are  cut  on  the  edges  or  corners  as  well  as  on  the  flats  or  sides. 
Fig.  190  shows  a  three-square  file  for  machinery ;  Fig.  188,  a  saw  file. 

A  very  valuable  improvement  is  the  "double  ender"  file,  with 
accompanying  handle,  Figs.  191,  192  and  193.  The  file  may  be  one 
end  double  cut  and  the  other  single,  or  one  end  coarse  and  the  other  fine, 
and  is  perfectly  adapted  to  the  split  handles  made  to  accompany  it. 


Fig.  187.    Saw  Filing  Machine. 

The  "  blunt  end "  file  (Fig.  194)  is  by  many  preferred  to  those 
having  sharp  points.  A  step  still  further  in  this  direction  is  the  knob 
end  (Fig.  195),  giving  better  hold  of  the  file  by  the  finger  and  thumb 
of  the  left  hand,  and  thereby  enabling  the  filer  to  more  easily  control 
the  use  of  the  tool. 

It  is  even  less  liable  than  the  plain  blunt  end  to  cause  soreness  to 
cause  soreness  to  the  ends  of  the  finger  and  thumb  by  much  filing. 

To  use  the  reversible  taper  file  in  a  regular  handle,  bore  in  the 
handle  a  hole  about  the  size  of  the  point  of  the  file,  and  then  counter 
bore,  about  halfway  down,  nearly  the  size  of  the  full  part  of  the  file. 

One  manufacturer  makes  the  reversible  taper  with  blunt  points 
(Fig.  196). 

We  have  never  yet  been  able  to  see  why  any  taper  should  be  given 


122 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


ORIMSHAW    ON    SAWS. 


123 


to  a  saw  file.  If  any  part  of  a  taper  file  be  the  right  section  for  the 
notches  in  the  saw,  the  other  parts  must  be  the  wrong  size.  Further- 
more, either  the  wear  must  overlap  from  both  sides,  or  an  unworn 
stripe  be  left  along  the  center  line.  A  three-cornered  saw  file  should 
be  in  width  a  trifle  more  than  twice  the  depth  of  teeth  to  be  tiled.  If 
wider,  the  extra  width  is  wasted,  as  it  never  gets  any  work. 

Fig.  197  shows  Roth's  saw  tile  guide  applied  to  a  small  circular  saw. 


Fig.  197.    Roth's  Saw  Filiny 


There  is  a  circle,  divided  and  numbered  from  its  centre  each  way, 
giving  bevels  for  each  side  of  the  saw,  or  square  across  —  shown  in  the 
cut.  The  file  is  fitted  into  the  handle,  and  is  held  by  a  set  screw,  and 
may  be  readily  turned  so  as  to  use  any  corner  of  the  file.  The  indi- 
cator shows  the  pitch  at  which  the  file  is  set.  The  rod  passes  through 
holes  in  the  graduated  ring  and  guides  the  file.  The  frame  upon 
which  the  ring  is  held  slides  in  grooves  cut  on  each  side  of  the  clamp 


124  GRIMSIIAW    ON    SAWS. 

in  which  the  saw  is  held.  A  table  connected  with  the  guide  is  arranged 
and  figured,  so  as  to  give  the  required  bevel  and  pitch  for  the  kind  of 
saw  to  be  filed;  and  it  is  only  necessary  to  set  the  ring  for  the  bevel 
and  the  indicator  for  the  pitch,  and  the  machine  is  ready  for  use.  As 
the  filing  is  proceeded  with  from  tooth  to  tooth  the  frame  follows, 
giving  the  same  bevel,  pitch  and  size  to  each  tooth,  and  on  one  size  of 
the  saw  the  same  as  on  the  other,  thus  leaving  the  saw,  when  finished 
filing,  with  the  teeth  all  of  the  same  size,  pitch  and  bevel ;  and  each 
tooth  will  do  its  share  of  cutting  equally  throughout  the  entire  length 
of  the  saw,  cut  straight,  smoothly,  easily  and  rapidly.  The  operation  of 
filing  with  a  machine  does  not  tire  the  eye ;  may  be  readily  filed  with- 
out taking  them  from  the  arbor  or  shaft,  and  each  size  of  saw  will 
have  its  teeth  all  of  an  equal  pitch  and  bevel,  so  as  to  do  the  greatest 
amount  of  work  in  the  best  manner,  and  with  the  least  expenditure  of 
power. 


APPENDIX  IY. 


SPRING  SETTING. 


There  is  perhaps  little  need  for  a  lengthy  appendix  on  setting.  It 
must  be  premised  that,  by  the  term  setting,  springing  or  bending  the 
teeth  is  understood,  as  distinguished  from  "  spread  set "  or  swaging. 

The  operation  of  setting  any  kind  of  saw  is  an  important  one,  as 
upon  the  judgment  and  accuracy  displayed  depend  very  largely  the 
performance  of  the  tool.  The  primary  object,  as  before  mentioned,  is 
to  give  more  clearance  than  can  be  given  by  grinding  a  straight  blade 
thinner  at  the  back  than  at  the  cutting  edge,  or  by  making  a  circular 
thinnest  at  the  eye,  which  last,  although  practised  in  the  early  days  of 
circular  saw  manufacture,  when  the  disk  was  held  on  a  face  plate  by 
screws  at  the  edge,  is  disadvantageous  for  large  saws  and  high  speeds, 
as  leaving  the  rim  unduly  heavy,  and  is  used  only  for  grooving  saws 
and  small  disks.  A  72-inch  circular,  running  two  miles  a  minute  at 
the  rim,  must  naturally  be  as  light  as  possible  towards  the  circumfer- 
ence. 

The  principal  advantage  in  giving  clearance  and  thus  lessening  fric- 
tion and  heating,  diminishing  the  power  required  to  drive  the  saw  and 
keeping  the  blade  straight,  is  partly  offset  by  suppressing  one  cutting 
edge  of  each  tooth  ;  and  yet  that  cutting  edge  acts  (if  the  set  be  good) 
at  a  better  angle  than  if  no  set  of  any  kind  were  given.  Spring  set 
enables  the  sawyer  to  adjust  the  saw  to  varying  kinds  of  material,  or 
to  the  operation  to  be  performed,  as  ripping  or  crossing.  In  common 
with  swaging,  it  aids  in  aifording  clearance  to  the  sawdust.  There  is 
the  disadvantage  that  set  springs  the  tooth  into  the  work  when  sharp, 
and  away  from  it  when  dull,  and  that  the  effort  of  overcoming  this 
tendency  to  dig  in,  increases  the  power  required  to  run  the  saw.  For 
cutting  hard  and  knotty  wood,  and  for  some  other  materials,  much  set 


126  GRIM8HAW   ON   SAWS. 

is  impracticable.     For  ice,  all  must  be  given  that  is  safe,  that  is,  just 
enough  not  to  endanger  the  strength  of  the  tooth. 

Figs.  198  and   199  give  respectively  the  ancient  and   the  modern 
mode  of  giving  "  set." 


Fig.  198.    Ancient  Set. 


Fiy.  199.     Modern  Set. 

The  modern  method  of  setting  alternate  teeth  to  right  and  left  dimin- 
ishes clattering  and  makes  'a  clean  smoother  cut.  The  ancient  way  of 
setting  half  a  dozen  adjacent  points  each  way,  was  apt  to  produce  a 
ridgy  cut,  like  a  washboard,  thus; 

Whatever  set  be  given,  it  must  be  regular,  and  must  not  extend  beyond 
the  base  of  the  tooth  ;  that  is,  the  set  must  be  given  the  tooth,  and  not 
the  plate.  In  manufacturing  hand-saws,  the  temper  of  each  is  tried 
by  setting  a  few  teeth  on  a  stake,  with  quick  hammer  .blows.  One 
authority  states  that  the  plate  itself  would  not  stand  this  test.  But 
Disstons  claim  that  the  back  of  a  good  hand-saw  may  be  given  a  set 
all  along;  and  it  is  certain  that  by  constant  filing,  what  was  once  the 
plate  below  the  tooth  line  becomes  in  tune  part  of  the  teeth,  and  must 
be  set.  But  so  long  as  this  metal  is  not  in  the  tooth  proper  it  should 
be  left  unstrained  by  local  tensions. 

The  two  principal  modes  of  setting  are  by  sharp  quick  hammer 
blows  and  by  bending.  The  former  mode  has  the  disadvantage  of 
being  less  regular,  except  perhaps  in  the  case  of  those  machines  used 
to  set  hand-saw  blades,  where  the  force  of  the  blow  is  determined  and 
kept  uniform  by  a  spring  or  weight. 

The  simplest  saw-set  we  know  of  is  a  notch  in  the  side  of  a  file  tip — 
having  the  advantage  of  being  at  hand  when  wanted  and  not  necessi- 
tating a  special  tool.  But  with  such  a  bending  device  the  amount  of 
bend  must  be  regulated  by  the  feeling  of  the  operator ;  and  perhaps  it 
is  best  to  have  a  separate  set,  with  a  stop,  enabling  one  to  vary  the 
amount  of  bend  given  to  the  teeth,  and  to  keep  it  uniform  throughout. 
The  cuts  show  common  forms  of  saw  sets.  They  have  the  advantage 
of  neither  oversetting  nor  undersetting. 


GRIMSHAW    ON   SAWS. 


127 


If  any  one  tooth  projects  beyond  the  others  it  will  get  undue  work, 
and  either  dig  in  and  break,  or  retard  the  cutting,  or  limit  the  capacity 
of  the  saw  by  "  masking  "  those  which  follow  it  and  are  by  it  prevented 
from  touching  the  wood. 


APPENDIX  V. 


SWAGING. 


Swaging,  swedging,  or  jumping,  is  the  upsetting,  widening  or  spread- 
ing of  the  teeth  to  give  clearance,  etc.  It  is  best  effected  by  a  steel 
die  having  a  /\  notch  in  it,  to  conform  to  which  the  tooth  is  smartly 
hammered.  It  hardens  and  condenses  the  metal.  Extreme  spread,  as 
is  our  Southern  usage,  necessitates  the  sacrifice  of  temper  in  the  tooth. 
In  one  form  of  die  the  sharpness  of  angle  is  obtained  by  sawing  a  kerf 
in  the  angle  of  the  /\  and  driving  the  parts  together  by  a  ring  (see 
Fig.  202).  The  lower  opening  in  this  swage  is  rounding  and  spreads  and 
shapes  the  teeth  as  seen  at  H.  The  upper  one  is  for  squaring  up  to 
the  style  G.  The  kerf  in  the  notch  enables  a  fine  sharp  angle  to  be 
made  and  maintained  and  permits  the  hardening  composition  to  enter 
freely  that  portion  of  the  die  which  does  the  most  work. 

In  another  there  is  an  adjustable  wall  to  the  notch,  which  can  be 
set  up  by  a  screw  to  any  desired  acuteness  of  angle  (see  Fig.  203. 

Sometimes  one  or  more  teeth  will  strike  gravel  or  some  other  hard 
substance,  and  take  off  the  point.  To  obviate  cutting  down  all  the 
rest  of  the  teeth,  the  short  tooth  may  be  lengthened,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
204  (an  inserted  tooth).  Mark  the  short  tooth  with  a  file  on  the  under 
side,  so  that  in  filing  it  will  be  recognized.  Raise  the  swage  in  the 
act  of  upsetting,  and  the  point  will  be  raised  up  as  shown  in  Fig.  205. 
A  light  hammer  should  be  used  in  swaging. 


Fig.  204.  Fit/.  2OX. 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


129 


ISO 


Fig.  2O3.    Emerson,  Smith  <f  Co's  Swage. 


APPENDIX   VI. 


GUMMING  AND  GULLETING. 


Gumming  and  gulleting  may  be  done  with  (1)  a  file,  (2)  a  press  or 
punch,  (3)  a  milling  cutter,  (4)  an  emery  or  corundum  wheel. 

When  the  hardness  of  the  material  to  be  removed  be  considered,  it 
is  easy  to  see  that  some  of  these  modes  have  advantages  over  the  others 
in  point  of  time,  labor,  and  material  consumed,  and  evenness  of  results 
obtained. 

The  file  is  slow  acting  and  not  readily  renewed  when  dull.  Its  use 
answers  for  small  and  hurried  jobs,  and  those  done  without  removing 
the  saw.  Its  use  is  shown  in  Fig.  206. 

The  press  or  punch  is  used  in  the  process  01"  manufacture,  and  neces- 
sitates the  removal  of  the  plate. 

Fig.  207  shows  a  hand  press  for  saws  not  ihicker  than  12  gauge.  The 
lever  A  is  detachable,  fitting  on  socket  J5,  cast  on  the  end  of  a  rack 
pinion  gearing  in  the  rack  Cin  the  back  of  the  slide  carrying  the 
punch  D. 

The  punch  is  held  by  the  clamp  ^and  next  Ft  the  top  of  the  punch 
bearing  against  the  end  of  the  slot  in  the  slide,  and  removed  for  grind- 
ing by  loosening  the  nut  G.  When  the  punch  gets  short  and  the 
lever  too  low,  the  pinion-wheel  should  be  withdrawn  and  changed  one 
or  more  teeth. 

The  milling  cutter  is  one  of  the  most  rapid  and  even  working  tools 
used,  and  without  it  the  circular  saw  would  often  be  of  little  use.  It 
may  be  driven  readily  by  hand,  having  adjustment  for  deptli  of  cut 
and  automatic  feed  given  at  each  revolution.  One  is  shown  in  Fig.  209. 
The  chambers  it  makes  must  in  every  case  have  a  semicircular  bottom 
— a  very  advantageous  form  for  the  throat.  To  use  it  a  circular  saw 
need  not  l>e  removed  from  the  arbor.  The  economy  of  saw  plates 


GIUMSHAW   ON 


resulting  from  its  use  can  hardly  be  estimated,  while  the  speed  ana 
regularity  of  its  action  leave  nothing  to  be  desired. 

Fig.  210  shows  a  cutter  grinder  for  holding  the  cutter  of  a  chamber- 
ing machine  in  position  during  sharpening. 


Fig.  211  shows  a  most  important  and  successful  invention — the 
"  spiral  line  "  mode  of  gulletiug.  By  making  the  back  line  of  each 
tooth  the  continuation  of  the  spiral  lines  Z,  the  sharpening  is  mainly 
done  by  gulleting  the  throat  with  the  rotary  gummer  (Fig.  209).  The 


GRIMSHAW    OX   SAWS. 


133 


cutter,  in  traversing  the  spiral  line,  reduces  the  front  or  throat  of  tooth 
D  while  prolonging  the  point  line  of  C.  The  saw  B  is  the  saw  as 
worn  down.  A  reduction  on  radius  from  (f-  to  F,  say  6  inches,  corres- 
ponds to  a  distance  G  to  Y,  on  the  spiral  line,  24  inches.  The  gullet 
is  semicircular,  whence  an  advantage,  an  inch  and  a  half  tooth  keeping 
as  clear  as  a  two  inch  ordinary  tooth.  Wearing  a  54  inch  plate  down 
to  a  42  inch  would  give  only  six  sets  of  two  inch  teeth,  but  eight  sets 


F'iff.  2O7.     Gumming  Press. 


of  one  and  a  half  inch.  This  method  preserves  the  true  round  of  the 
saw.  The  tooth  remains  the  same  shape  throughout,  instead  of  having 
a  constantly  lessening  chamber. 

Fig.  212  shows  part  of  a  gullet  tooth  saw  after  cutting  300,000  feet 
of  hemlock  lumber.  Line  7)  and  point  A  are  the  originals ;  line  E 
and  point  Cshow  a  reduction  of  only  -fa  inch  in  diameter. 


134 


GRIM8HAW    ON    SAW8. 


In  Fig.  213,  tooth  B  has  been  rechambered ;  A  shows,  by  the  file 
applied  flat  to  it,  that  it  much  needs  that  operation. 

One  maker  had  teeth  like  Fig.  214  sent  to  him  to  be  gummed.  B 
is  the  actual  chamber  line ;  it  should  have  been  C. 


00 


The  emery  or  corundum  wheel  does  quick  work  in  the  highest  tem- 
pered steels.  It  can  be  obtained  of  any  desired  edge  section  and  used 
to  dress  the  bottom,  edge,  back,  or  top  of  a  tooth.  It  requires  such 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


135 


a  high  speed  of  revolution  as  to  necessitate  to  use  of  power  to  run  it; 
but  part  of  this  inconvenience  is  done  away  with  by  swinging  it  to  an 
arbor  above  the  mandrel,  in  the  case  of  circular  saws.  Fig.  215  shows 
Bostwick's  machine  for  the  purpose. 


Fiff.  2O9.    Rotary 


There  exists  in  the  minds  of  many  persons  who  are  not  fully  acquain- 
ted with  the  principle  upon  which  circular  saws  are  made,  an  errone- 
ous opinion  that  a  saw  should  work  the  same  until  worn  out,  if  it  is 
not  accidentally  sprung  in  use  or  strained  in  gumming.  So  far  as  any 
damage  to  the  saw  is  concerned,  there  is  no  difference  between  the  usy 


136 


•  IIMMSIIAW    ON    SAWS. 


of  a  burr  gunimer  and  that  of  a  file ;  but  if  proper  care  be  not  exercised 
in  the  use  of  the  emery  wheel  there  is  more  danger  from  its  use  than 
from  either  the  file  or  burr. 

If  the  condition  of  the  saw  be  such  that  a  considerable  depth  is 
required  to  be  cut  into  the  plate,  the  operation  should  be  performed  by 
going  over  the  saw  several  times,  allowing  the  wheel  to  grind  away 
only  so  much  as  can  be  done  without  heating  the  saw  to  a  blue.  There 
is  no  excuse  whatever  in  crowding  the  emery  wheel  so  as  to  heat  the 


Fig.  21O.     Cutter  Grinder. 

saw  red  hot,  as  this  is  sure  to  injure  the  saw,  often  glazing  it  where 
the  wheel  comes  in  contact,  so  hard  that  a  file  will  make  no  impression 
whatever.  From  these  hard  spots  on  the  outer  surface  small  cracks 
commence,  at  first  invisible  to  the  eye,  but  gradually  enlarging  until 
they  become  dangerous  fractures.  Hacking  the  face  of  the  wheel  with 
a  cold  chisel  or  the  corners  of  an  old  file,  will  often  prevent  its  glazing, 


Of  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


GRIM8HAW   ON   SAWS. 


137 


so  that  it  is  not  as  liable  to  heat  the  saw.  After  a  few  times  gumming, 
however,  the  saw  will  enlarge  on  the  rim  so  that  the  slightest  warmth 
will  cause  it  to  buckle,  and  there  is  no  remedy  left  but  to  send  it  to  a 
saw  maker  and  have  it  re-hammered.  Some,  ^however,  entertain  the 
wrong  impression  that  a  saw  re-hammered  will  never  run  as  well  as 
when  new.  On  the  contrary,  a  saw  re-hammered  will  generally  run 
better  than  when  new,  because  all  the  elasticity  (or  nearly  all)  is  worked 
out  of  it  by  use,  and  it  generally  works  stiffer  than  when  new. 


Fig.  211. 

The  cause  of  emery  wheels  hardening  saw  plates  is  stated  by  J.  E. 
Emerson  to  be  that  the  spaces  between  the  particles  of  emery  fill  up 
with  steel,  creating  a  smooth  instead  of  a  rough  surface.  The  friction 
quickly  causes  high  heat,  and  sudden  chilling  takes  place  when  the 
wheel  leaves  the  spot.  To  remove  it.  hack  the  wheel  with  the  corner 
10 


138 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


Fig.  212. 


Fig.  213. 


Fig.  214.    Bad  Gumming. 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS. 


130 


Fig.  215.    Boswick's  Emery  Gummer. 


140 


GRIMSHAW    ON    SAWS. 


of  a  worn  out  file,  and  grind  off  the  extreme  outer  surface  which  lias 
been  hardened.  It  is  better,  and  takes  no  longer  to  keep  the  emery 
wheel  hacked  and  cut  off  only  a  little  at  a  time  and  to  go  around  the 
saw  lightly  several  times  in  gumming. 

The  wheel  is  generally  turned  up  true  with  a  diamond  after  wear. 

The  great  trouble  in  the  use  of  the  ordinary  diamond  tool  is  the 
danger  of  grinding  out  and  losing  the  diamond.  In  the  tool  shown 
herewith  the  diamond  C  is  held  in  copper,  as  shown  at  I).  This 
copper  is  held  between  the  two  halves  of  the  tool,  which  are  firmly 


Fig.  216.    Emerson's  Diamond  Tool  for  Tru'my   Wheels. 

gripped  together  by  the  screws  BB,  the  principle  upon  which  the  dia- 
mond is  imbedded  and  held,  holds  it  firmly  and  securely,  being  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  used  in  securing  the  diamonds  in  the  Emerson 
Diamond  Stone  Saw. 

A  represents  the  diamond  tool.  BB,  the  screws  for  fastening  the 
tool  together  with  diamond  C  in  the  end.  D  represents  a  diamond  in 
its  casing,  which  is  made  of  sheet  copper  on  account  of  its  toughness 
and  pliability ;  this  is  fitted  around  and  incorporated  into  every  irregu- 
larity of  the  diamond,  then  the  casing  and  diamond  are  fitted  into  the 
steel  holder,  and  the  fold  of  the  copper  casing  held  below  the  diamond 
firmly  between  the  two  jaws  of  the  diamond  tool  or  holder.  In  many 
other  processes  the  diamond  is  held  merely  by  a  grip  upon  its  own  size; 
when  the  holder  becomes  worn  to  the  centre  of  the  diamond  it  drops 
out  and  is  lost.  By  this  process  the  casing  is  held,  to  which  the  dia- 
mond clings  and  is  saved, 


APPENDIX  VII. 


JOINING  BAND  SAW  BLADES. 


To  MAKE  MURIATE  OF  ZINC  (CHLORIDE  OF  ZINC  ;  ZINC  CHLO- 
RIDE), for  Soldering  or  Brazing. — Feed  muriatic  acid  all  the  small 
pieces  of  zinc  that  it  will  eat ;  dilute  with  an  equal  amount  of  rain  or 
distilled  water  (condensed  steam  water)  and  it  is  ready  for  use. 

To  MAKE  BORAX  WATER  FOR  SOLDERING  OR  BRAZING. — Burn 
a  sufficient  quantity  of  borax  on  a  hot  shovel  or  piece  of  sheet  iron,  or 
in  an  iron  dish,  then  pulverize  and  boil  in  rain  or  condensed  water  to 
the  consistency  of  cream. 

To  JOIN  THE  ENDS  OF  A  BAND  SAW. — File  the  ends  of  the  saw 
on  opposite  sides  to  form  two  wedge-shaped  ends,  having  a  lap  of  say 
from  |  to  1 J  inch,  according  to  width  and  thickness  of  plate ;  a  thin 
narrow  plate  for  light  work,  like  ordinary  scroll  sawing,  f  inch :  a 
wide  saw,  say  four  or  five  inches  in  width,  by  No.  16, 17  and  18  gauge, 
1J  inch  lap.  When  the  two  beveled  sides  are  laid  together  they  must 
form  a  good  joint  of  the  same  thickness  as  the  blade.-  Now  take  two 
pairs  of  tongs  with  heavy  jaws,  long  enough  to  cover  the  width  of  the 
blade ;  have  the  jaws  straight  and  shut  closely.  Cut  a  notch  in  a  piece 
of  about  6x6  joist  for  wide  saws,  and  smaller  for  narrow  saws ;  have 
the  notch  large  enough,  and  covered  or  plated  inside,  so  that  it  will  not 
be  burned  by  the  hot  tongs.  Next  clamp  the  saw  on  the  joists  so  that 
the  laps  will  come  over  the  notch  ;  the  joists  should  be  say  four  feet  in 
length,  and  mounted  on  legs  like  a  carpenter's  saw  horse.  Now  cover 
the  lap  with  the  muriate  of  zinc  or  borax  water,  placing  a  piece  of  very 
thin  silver  solder  or  fine  spelter  solder  in  the  joint ;  if  spelter  is  used, 
it  may  be  mixed  with  the  borax  water  and  spread  between  the  joints 
(silver  solder,  however,  is  preferable  to  spelter).  Now  heat  one  pair 


142 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


of  the  tongs  to  a  bright  cherry  red  and  scrape  off  all  the  scale,  etc., 
between  the  jaws ;  clamp  the  joint  to  be  brazed,  using  another  pair  of 
cold  tongs  to  clamp  the  points  of  the  hot  tongs,  hold  them  a  sufficient 
length  of  time  to  melt  the  solder,  and  have  the  other  pair  of  tongs 
warmed  to  about  the  heat  of  a  sad  iron.  Now  carefully  draw  the  hot 
tongs  off  towards  the  back  of  the  saws,  having  the  back  rest  firmly 
against  supports,  so  that  the  saw  cannot  move  edgewise.  Have  an- 
other person  follow  up  the  hot  tongs  with  those  merely  warmed ;  hold 
the  grip  with  the  warm  tongs  until  the  joints  are  fairly  set,  when 
nothing  remains  to  be  done  more  than  to  file  off  the  surplus  solder. 
The  above  process  will  be  found  much  better  than  cooling  off  the  joints 
with  water,  which  is  liable  to  harden  and  crack  the  blade.  The  sol- 
dering and  cooling  tongs  should  be  made  heavy  and  strong.  The 
cooling  tongs  should  not  be  used  entirely  cold,  as  the  sudden  chilling 
will  harden  the  plate.  If  the  process  is  properly  performed,  the  saw 
will  be  of  the  same  temper  at  the  splice  as  in  other  parts. 

Figs.  217  and  218  show  a  very  convenient  device  made  by  J.  A. 
Fay  &  Co.,  Cincinnati,  to  facilitate  the  brazing  of  band-saw  blades. 
It  is  sufficiently  explained  by  the  illustrations. 


Fig.  217. 


Fif/.  218. 


APPENDIX  VIII. 


GAUGES  AND  MEASUREMENTS. 


The  gauge  employed  for  measuring  thickness  of  saw  plates  is  the 
so-called  "Stubs'/'  or  Birmingham  Wire  Gauge  (an  arbitrary  and 
senseless  scale,  almost -matchless  among  trade  stupidities),  shown  in 
part  herewith  in  comparison  with  the  inch  and  its  divisions  into  six- 
teenths, and  also  given  in  part  in  decimal  divisions  of  the  inch  in  the 
annexed  table : 


144 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


Diam.  Inch.       Gauge. 

•134 
•12 

•109 
•095 
•083 
•072 
•065 
•058 
•049 

BIRMINGHAM  WIRE  GAUGE,  EXPRESSED  IN  "  CARPENTER'S  MEASURE." 


auge. 
1  

Diaiu.  Inch. 

-3 

Gauge.                          D 

]0 

2  

-284 

11  

3  

-259 

12 

4  

-238 

13  

5  

-22 

14  

6  

-203 

15 

7  

-18 

16 

8  

-165 

17  

9.., 

.   -148 

18.. 

3auge. 

19  

Diain.  Inch. 

-042 

20  

-035 

21  

-032 

22  

-028 

23  

-025 

24  

-022 

25  

-02 

26.. 

.   -018 

Gauge  No.  4 £  inch  scant. 


7      « 
32 


3      <( 
IT 

~3~2 


full, 
scant. 


Gauge  No.  9 -^  inch  scant. 


"10, 
"11 
"12 
"13 


1 


full. 

scant. 

scant. 


Table  giving  the  values  of  inches  and  fractions  of  an  inch  in  milli- 
meteres.: 


Inches.      Millimetres. 

1 

Indies. 

Millimetres. 

Fractions 
of  an  inch. 

Millimetres. 

Fractions 
of  an  inch. 

Millimetre*. 

1 

25-39977 

19 

482-59567 

l 
3  ~2 

0-79374 

H 

13-49362 

2 

50-79954 

20 

507-99544 

T£ 

1-58748 

A 

14-28737 

3          76-19932 

21 

533-39521 

A 

2-38123 

H 

15-08111 

4 

101-59909 

22 

558-79499 

I 

3-17497 

15-87485 

5        126-99886 

23 

584-19476 

A 

3-96871 

H 

16-66859 

6        152-39863 

24 

609-59453 

A 

4-76245 

s 

17-46234 

7        177-79840 

25 

634-99430 

A 

5-55620 

18-25608 

8       203-19818 

26 

660-39407 

1 

6-34994 

¥ 

19-04982 

9       228-59795 

27 

685-79385 

A 

7-14368 

§i 

19-84356 

10     •  253-99772 

28 

711-19362 

ft 

7-93743 

1  3 
T<> 

20-63731 

11     |  279-39749 

29 

736-59339 

H 

8-73117 

n  • 

21-43105 

12 

304-79726 

30 

761-99316 

1 

9-52491 

* 

22-22479 

13 

330-19704 

31 

787-39293 

tf 

10-31865 

ti 

23-01853 

14 

355-59681 

32 

812-79271 

x 

11-11240 

15 
Tt> 

23-81228 

15 

380-99658 

33 

838-19248 

« 

11-90614 

If 

24-60602 

16       406-39635 

34 

863-59225 

1 

12-69988 

1 

25-39977 

17 

431-79612 

35 

888-99202 

18       457-19590 

36 

914-39179 

We  annex  a  cut  showing  four  inches  graduated  to  centimetres  : 


A. 


METRIC  SYSTEM 


INCHES-                 ;                                           2                                           3                                           '• 

1 

APPENDIX   IX. 


ORDERING   CIRCULAR    SAWS. 


In  ordering  circular  saws  for  log  sawing,  it  is  always  necessary,  to 
avoid  error  or  delays,  to  give  the  following  data : 

1.  Whether  inserted  or  solid  toothed  saws.  2.  Diameter  of  saw  in 
inches.  3.  Kind  and  number  of  teeth  (see  Fig.  91.)  4.  Gauge  of  saw 
at  the  hole.  5.  Gauge  of  saw  at  the  rim.  6.  Size  of  centre  hole.  7. 
Size  of  pin  holes.  8.  Diameter  of  circle  pin  holes*  are  on  (distance 
from  centre  to  centre).  9.  Which  is  the  log  side  as  the  saw  runs 
towards  you,  right  or  left?  10.  Speed  the  saw  is  to  run  per  minute. 
11.  What  kind  of  timber  you  wish  to  cut.  12.  Largest  feed  to  each 
revolution  of  the  saw,  in  inches.  13.  Number  of  extra  teeth  desired 
if  inserted  teeth  be  ordered.  14.  How  it  is  to  be  shipped,  whether  by 
freight  or  express. 

When  ordering  shingle  saws,  send  correct  draft  holes,  whether  flange 
is  on  right  or  left  side  (saw  cutting  towards  you),  thickness  at  tooth, 
and  about  the  number  of  teeth. 

When  ordering  concave  saws,  give  circle  to  be  dished  to ;  also,  which 
side  is  to  be  dished  or  concaved,  the  right  or  left  hand  (saw  running 
towards  you). 


APPENDIX  X. 


TABLES  FOR  THE  MEASUREMENT  OF  LOGS,  FROM  12  TO  24  FEET 
LONG  AND  FROM  10  TO.  96  INCHES  IN  DlAMETER. 


[These  tables  are  given  here  by  special  permission  of  the  owners  of  the  copyright, 
Messrs.  N.  W.  SPAULDING  &  BROS.,  Chicago.] 

EXPLANATION. 

The  length  of  any  log  in  feet  will  be  found  in  the  left  hand  column 
of  the  table,  and  the  diameter  at  the  top  of  the  page. 

To  find  the  number  of  feet  of  square-edged  boards  which  a  log  will 
produce  when  sawed :  Take  the  length  in  feet  in  left  hand  column  of 
table,  and  its  diameter  in  inches  at  the  top  of  the  page ;  trace  the  two 
columns  of  figures  until  they  meet,  and  you  have  the  required  amount. 

EXAMPLE. 

A  log  which  is  18  feet  long  and  21  inches  in  diameter  gives,  at  the 
right  of  the  length  and  directly  under  the  diameter,  346  feet. 

And  one  23  feet  long  and  18  inches  in  diameter  gives  310  feet. 

Logs  longer  than  is  given  in  this  table  can  be  easily  measured  by 
doubling  any  given  length ;  for  example,  to  find  the  number  of  feet, 
board  measure,  contained  in  a  log  28  feet  long  by  19  inches  in  diameter, 
double  the  amount  contained  in  a  log  14  feet  long,  19  inches  diameter, 
and  you  have  the  answer — 428  feet.  For  a  log  42  feet  long,  10  inches 
diameter,  multiply  the  amount  contained  in  the  table  in  a  log  14  feet 
long  by  three,  and  you  have  the  amount;  and  so  on  to  any  length  or 
size. 

REMARKS. 

In  placing  these  tables  before  the  Lumbermen,  we  wish  to  draw  their 
attention  to  the  fact  that  they  have  been  computed  from  accurately 
drawn  diagrams  of  every  sized  log  from  10  to  96  inches  in  diameter. 
Each  sized  log  has  been  scaled,  so  as  to  make  all  that  can  be  practically 
sawed  out  of  it,  if  economically  sawed.  Each  log  to  be  measured  at 
the  top  or  small  end,  inside  of  the  bark,  and,  if  not  round,  to  l>e 
measured  two  ways — at  right  angles — and  the  difference  taken  for  the 


ORIMBHAW  ON  SAWS. 


147 


diameter.  Where  there  are  any  known  defects,  the  amount  to  be 
deducted  should  be  agreed  upon  by  the  buyer  and  seller,  and  no  frac- 
tions of  an  inch  to  be  taken  into  the  measurement. 

In  this  table  we  have  varied  the  size  of  the  slab  in  proportion  to  the 
size  of  the  log,  and  have  arranged  it  more  particularly  for  large  logs, 
by  taking  them  in  sections  of  12  feet  and  carrying  the  table  up  to  96 
inches  in  diameter.  As  there  has  never  been  any  in  use  for  scaling 
over  44  inches,  it  has  been  our  purpose  to  furnish  a  table  for  the  mea- 
suring of  logs  that  can  be  implicitly  relied  upon  for  correctness  by 
both  buyer  and  seller ;  and  to  do  so,  we  have  spared  no  pains  nor  ex- 
pense to  render  it  perfect. 


Length  in 
Feet. 

Diam. 
10 

Diam. 
11 

Diam. 
12 

Diam. 
13 

Diam. 
14 

Diam. 
15 

Diam. 
16 

Diam. 
17 

• 

Diam. 
18 

Diam.  Diam. 
19    20 

12 

38 

47 

58 

71 

86 

103 

121 

141 

162 

184  207 

13 

41 

51 

62 

76 

93 

111 

131 

152 

175 

199  224 

14  

44 

55 

67 

82 

100 

120 

141 

164 

189 

214  241 

15  

47 

59 

72 

88 

107 

128 

151 

176 

202 

230  258 

16  

50 

63 

77 

94 

114 

137 

161 

188 

216 

245i  276 

17  

53 

67 

82 

100 

121 

145 

171 

199 

229 

260  293 

18  

57 

70 

87 

106 

129 

154 

181 

211 

243 

276  310 

19  

60 

74 

91 

112 

136 

163 

191 

223 

256 

291  327 

20  

63 

78 

96 

118 

143 

171 

201 

235 

270 

306  345 

21  

66 

82 

101 

124 

150 

180 

211 

246 

283 

3221  362 

22  

69 

86 

106 

130 

157 

188 

221 

258 

297 

337  379 

23  

72 

90 

111 

136 

164 

197 

231 

270 

310 

352  396 

24  

76 

94 

116 

142 

172 

206 

242 

282 

324 

368  414 

j 

Length  in 
Feet. 

Diam. 
21 

Diam. 
22 

Diam. 
23 

Diam. 
24 

Diam. 
25 

Diam. 
26 

Diam. 
27 

Diam. 
28 

Diam. 
29 

Diam. 
30 

Diam. 
31 

12... 

231 

256 

282 

309 

337 

366 

396 

427 

459 

492 

526 

13  

250 

277 

305 

334 

365 

396 

429 

462 

497 

533 

569 

14  

269 

298 

329 

360 

393 

427 

462 

498 

535 

574 

613 

15  

288 

320 

352 

387 

421 

457 

495 

533 

573 

615 

657 

16  

308 

341 

376 

412 

449 

488 

528 

569 

612 

656 

701 

17  

327 

362 

399 

437 

477 

518 

561 

604 

650 

697 

745 

18  

346 

384 

423 

463 

505 

549 

594 

640 

688 

738 

789 

19  

365 

405 

446 

489 

533 

579 

627 

676 

726 

779 

832 

20  

385 

426 

470 

515 

561 

610 

660 

711 

765 

820 

876 

21  

404 

448 

493 

540 

589 

640 

693 

747 

803 

861 

920 

22 

423 

469 

517 

566 

617 

671 

726 

782 

841 

902 

964 

23  

442 

490 

540 

592 

645 

701 

759 

818 

879 

943 

1008 

24  

462 

512 

564 

618 

674 

732 

792 

854 

918 

984 

1052 

148 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


Length  in 
Feet. 


12, 

13 

14, 

15, 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 


Diam.     Diam.  '  Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam. 
32         33         34         35         36         3/         38 


Diam.     Diam.     Diam. 
39          40       41 


561 

607 
654 
701 
748 
794 
841 


935 

981 

1028 

1075 

1122 


597 

646 

696 

746 

796 

845 

895 

945 

995 

1044 

1094 

1144 

1194 


634 

686 
739 

792 
845 

898 


673 

729 
785 
841 
897 
953 


9511009 
1003  1065 
10561121 
11091177 
11621233 
12151289 
12681346 


7131  755 

772  817 

831  880 

891  943 

9501006 

1010  1069 

10691132 

11281195 

1188  1258 

12471321 

1307  1384 

13661447 

1426  1510 


798'  843 

864  913 

931  983 

9971053 

10641124 

11301194 

11971264 

12631334 

13301405 

13971475 

14631545 

15291615 

15961686 


936 
9631014 
1037  1092 
11111170 
11851248 
1259  1326 
1333  1404 
14071482 
14811560 
15551638 
16291716 
1703  1794 
17781872 


Length  in  Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam. 

Feet.  42         43.        44         45         46         47         48         49    ,     50    '     51 


12 
13 

14, 

15, 

16, 

17, 

18 

19, 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 


98410331086 
'106611191176 
114812051267 
123012911357 
131213771448 
1394  1463  1538 
147615491629 
156816351719 
16401721  1810 
172218071900 
180418931991 
188619792081 
196820662172 


11341186 
12281284 
13231383 
1417  1482 
15121681 
16061680 
1701 1779 
17051877 
1890  1976 
1984  2075 
2079  2174 
2173  2273 
2268  2372 


1239  1293 
13421400 
14451508 
15481616 
16521724 
17551831 
18581939 
1961  2047 
2065  2155 
21682262 
22712370 
2374;2478 
24782586 


134814041461 
146015211582 
157216381704 
168517551826 
1797  1872  1948 
1909  1989  2069 
2022^2106  2191 
213422232313 
224623402435 
2385>2457  2556 
247025742678 
25822691:2800 
2696i2808|2922 


Length  in 
Feet, 


Diam.      Diam.     Diam. 
52         53         54 


Diam.     Diam. 
55         56 


Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.  I  Diam. 
57         58         59    i     60    ,    61 


12, 
13, 
14 
15, 
16 

17, 

18. 
19 
20. 
21, 

22 
23, 

24. 


1519 
1645 
!1772 
1898 
2025 
2151 
2278 
2405 
2531 
2657 
2784 
2911 
3038 


1578  1638 
1709,1774 
18411911 
19722047 
2104  2184 
2235  2320 
23672457 
2498  2593 
2630  2730 
27612866 
28933003 
3024!3139 
3156  3276 


17001763 
13411909 
19832056 

2125|2203 
22662350 
24082497 
25502644 
2691j2791 
2833  2938 
29743085 
31163232 


3258 
3400 


3379 
3526 


18271893 
1979!2050 
21312208 
22832366 
2436  2524 
2588  2681 
27402839 
2892'2997 
30453155 
3197  3312 
33493470 
3501,3628 
3654i3786 


1960i20282098 
2123;2197  2272 
228623662447 
2450125352622 
2613  2704  2797 
2776  2873  2972 
2940  3042  3147 
3103  3211  3321 
326633803496 
342936493671 


35923718 
37563887 
39204056 


3846 
4021 
4196 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


149 


Length  in       Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Diam.     Plain.     Diam.  •  Diam.  !  Diam.     Diam.  I   Diam.     Diam. 
Feet.  62         63         64         65         66         67         68         69     !    70    '     71         72 


12.... 
13.... 
14.... 

15.... 
16.... 
17.... 
18.... 
19.... 
20.... 
21.... 
22.... 
23.... 
24.. 


2169 
2349 
2530 
2711 
2892 
3072 
3253 
3434 
361: r, 
3795 
3976 
4157 
|4338 


22412315 
24272507 
2614  2700 
28012893 
2988:3086 
31743279 
33613472 
3548  3665 
3735  3853 


3921 
4108 


4051 


2390  2467 
2589  2672 
2788  2878 
2987  3083 
31863289 
3385  3494 
35853700 
3784  3906 
3983  4111 
4182  4316 
4381  4522 
45804728 
47804934 


2545  2625 
27572843 
2969  3062 
3181  3281 
3393  3500 
3605  3718 
3817  3937 
4029  4156 
4241  4375 
4453  4593 
46654812 
4877  5031 
5090  5250 


2706;2789 
2931'3021 
3157:3253 
33823486 
3608  3718 
3833  3951 
4059  4183 
42844415 
4510  4648 
47354880 
4961  5118 
5186  5345 
54125578 


2874  2960 
31133206 
3353:3453 
3592  3700 
3832(3946 
4071  4193 
43114440 
4550J4686 
4790J4933 
5029i5180 
5269;5426 
55085673 
57485920 


l.l-MU'tll 

in  Foot. 

Diiim.  Diam.  Diam.  Diam.  Diimi.  Diam.  Diam.  Diam.  Diam. 
73    74   75    76    77   78    79   80   81 

Diam.  Diam. 
82   83 

Diam. 
84 

12 

3047  3135  3224  3314  3405  3497  3590  3684  3779 

3874  3970 

4067 

1?. 

3301  3396  3492  3590  368813788  3889  399114094 

41964301 

4406 

14 

3555  3657  3761  3866  3972  4080  4188  4298  4408 

45194631 

4745 

15 

3809  3919  4030  4142  4256  4371  4487  4605  4723 

4842  4962 

5084 

16 

4062  4180  4298  4418^4540  4663  4786  4912  5038 

5165 

5293 

5423 

17 

4316  4441  4567  4694  4823  49H  5085  5219  5353 

5488 

5624 

5762 

18 

4570  4702  4836  4970  5107  5245  5385^5526  5668 

5811 

5955 

6101 

19 

4824496451045246539115537568458335983 

6133  6285 

6440 

20 

5078  5225  5372  5522  5675  5829  5983  6140  6298 

6456  6616 

6778 

l.rnutll 

ill  Feet, 

Diam. 
85 

.  . 

Liam. 

86 

Diam. 

87 

Diain. 

88 

Diam.  Diam. 
89    90 

Diam 
91 

Diam. 

92 

Diam. 
93 

Diam. 
94 

Diam. 
95 

Diam. 
96 

12 

4165 

4264 

4364 

4465 

4566  4668 

4771 

4875 

4980 

5085 

5192 

5300 

13 

4512 

4619 

4727 

4837 

4946  5057 

51635281 

539555085624 

5741 

14 

4859 

4974 

5091 

5209 

5327  5446 

5566 

5687 

5810 

5932 

6057 

6183 

15 

5206 

5330 

5455 

5581 

5707  5835 

5964 

6094 

6225 

6356 

6490 

6625 

16 

5553 

5685 

5818 

5953 

6088  6224 

6361 

6500 

6640 

6780 

6922 

7066 

17 

5900 

6040 

6182 

6325 

6468  6613 

6759 

6906 

7055 

7203 

7355 

7508 

18 

6247 

6396 

6546 

6697 

6849  7002 

7156 

7312 

7470 

7627 

7788 

7950 

19 

6594 

6751 

6909 

7069 

72297391 

7554 

7719 

7885 

8051 

8220 

8391 

20 

6941 

7106 

7273 

7441 

76107780 

7951 

8125 

8300 

8475 

8653 

8833 

APPENDIX  XL 


DATA  CONCERNING  CAPACITY  OF  SAW  MILLS  AND  POWER 
EEQUIRED  TO  RUN  THEM. 


[Unless  otherwise  stated,  widths  of  straight  saws  and  diameters  of 
circulars,  thickness  of  log  or  height  of  cant,  belt  widths  and  pulley 
diameters,  tooth  height  and  distance,  and  kerf  width,  are  stated  in 
inches.] 


DATA— SINGLE  SASH  8AW. 


4 

g 

9 

9 

a 

a 
1 

•3 

1 

b 

g 
\ 

1 

I 

| 

« 

t- 

1 

= 

i 

J 

j 

ri 

S 

* 

•s 

| 

|! 

.j 

1 

1 

5 

I 

••s 

j 

o 

Informant. 

Jj 

1 

1  S 

| 

0 

'-*- 

| 

'3  i    I 

5 

*s 

I 

^ 

i 

^ 

7 

1 

| 

i 

<_ 

c 

•- 

g" 

t-. 

•g 

s 

o 

§  = 

t 

~ 
-r 

33 
0> 
& 

1 

| 

o 

1 

i 

I 

R 

o 

2 

| 

"S 

"3 

1 

1 

J 

£ 

O 

5 

0 

2 

1 

£ 

ri 

3 

£ 

s 

S 

S 

5!£ 

<s 

7 

8 

9 

175 

24 

Doub. 

12 

2  /< 

3  M 

Emerson,  Smith  &  Co. 

6 

8  10412 

24 

200 

Pine 

14 

40 

Doub. 

14  48  200 

o  a/^ 

10  to  12  M 

Stearns  &  Co. 

&A 

8    6  or  7 

28 

220 

Pine 

x£12 

Doub.  HO 

24  120 

1^1 

2  $ 

2M* 

E.  Andrews. 

*  Inch  boards. 


DATA— GANG  SASH  SAW. 


1 

a 

S 

== 

e 

i 

1 

i 

fe 

"55 

_g 

1 

. 

i 

.t£ 

i 

j? 

i" 

„; 

s 

rf 

i 

s 

-S 

«; 

M 

-? 

^j 

1 

B 

£ 

"S 
£ 

^ 

0 

Informant. 

O 

^: 

A 

S  !       C 

E 

_? 

a     * 

1 

5 

i 

£ 

> 

S 

i— 

M 

3 

2 

"8 

J 

,*{ 

o 

M 

.  T" 

t 

T 

M) 

1 

1 

"s 

O 

1 

£ 

o 
w 

o 

a 

e 

"s 

1 

| 

>. 

'§ 

9 

§ 

"i 

jj 

5 

•  X. 

® 

PH 

B 

JO 

^ 

^r 

•f- 

•5 

a 

3 

:f 

% 

s 

5 

H 

A 

K 

£ 

1 

£ 

w 

a 

is 

3 

r, 

8 

13 

I-:. 

Pine 

•y 

75  to  100  M 

Emerson,  Smith  &  Co' 

4 

1.-. 

20 

240 

Pine 

12 

%s 

80 

1 

iVi 

T-K 

M 

100  M 

Stearns  &  Co. 

nil 
$ 

9 

7 

10 

Ilorl2 
12&13 
13 
12 

24 
20 
20 
12 

180 
200 

:ioo 

150 

Pine 
Maple 

Pine 

28 

M 

J 

24  Doub. 
50  Doub. 
70  j  Doub 
Doub 

14 
26 

24 

20 

:si; 
42 

48 

:!i; 

180 

2(W 

IJilx 

i!4i^ 

1 

25  M* 
60M 
80  M 

E  Andrews. 
D.  B.  McRae 
F.  McDonough. 
C.  D   Hale. 

->y* 

8 

11 

24 

2.5 

Doub. 

20 

:',6 

200 

1'i 

A 

60M 

Anoka  Lumber  Mills. 

5 

711tol2 

22 

200 

12 

% 

15 

Doub. 

ir, 

12 

200 

i^li^1  ?r« 

35M 

Snyder  Bros. 

*  Inch  boards. 


GKIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 
DATA— MULAY  SAW. 


151 


| 

i 

- 

a 

a 

.= 

?> 

k 

A 

00 

i 

S 

I 
g 

1 

= 
I 

_o 
g 

S 

1 

5 

Informant. 

i 

2 

| 

& 

S 
**• 

t.  '3 

| 

2 

'- 

s 

•e 

1 

7 

T          a! 

1 

P. 

£    °s 

0 

o 

a 

* 

•3      & 

i 

- 

1    * 

o 

- 

X 

*J 

I 

- 

£ 

3       s 

- 

i 

"a 

:/. 

i  * 

*2 

•  — 

s 

u 

i 

£      5 

s 

tf 

J  h-- 

a 

'£. 

.2       » 

A    a 

i  £j   c5 

12        7      28    225 
8!  6  &  7  :18    180 

10J       7      24|  325 

Pine 

25 

'%,  80 

l1^  14 

Doub. 
Doub. 
Doub. 

14  30  1  3-32 
14  36    IV 
14  30;   l£| 

2V      5  M*    E.  Andrews. 
2  %  12tol5M  D.  B.  McRae. 
2  J4!                 Snyder  Bros. 

*  Inch  boards 
DATA-JIG  SAW-SPRING  STRAINED. 


a 

9 

G 

•s 

s 

33 

W 

"C           « 

s. 

5 

i 

Informant. 

u 

®             *o 

00 

0 

3 

S 

o 

1 

• 

Tt          T 

"^ 

. 

a> 

22 

1 

cS 

o 

•3 

i 

i 

1 

02 

1 

M 

0 

M 

'3 
W 

*s 
cd 

8 

1 

^ 

14&16    3-32          5 

1100 

Bl'k  Walnut 

2^ 

^ 

% 

J.  A.  Fay  A  Co. 

DATA— DRAG  OR  BUTTING  SAW. 


| 

9 

i 

3 

a 

1 

S 

If 

a 

& 

ffi 

>> 

.S 

a 

-i  

I 

rn 

00 

E 

~ 

n     -•    = 

s 

^ 

^--  Jj^ 

~ 

^ 

I 

1 

9 

1 

•- 

1 

Informant. 

2   g. 

a 

g 

5.8 

i 

1      £ 

*o        S 

•S 

s 

1 

J>    i 

ID 

1 

M 

*S   a 

• 

£     o 

S     '-3 

0> 

o 

§ 

•S  -3 

i 

1 

•«  U 

fc'i    •§ 

| 

I      2 

•a 

1 

d 

~3o 

0 

«  EH 

w 

? 

P 

« 

a 

A 

£ 

m 

10f  6    9&10 
6    413&16 
10    6    9 

24 
3I> 

2S 

120 
40 
100 

36 

5 

* 

5 

Single. 
Double. 

s 
6 

24 
20 

120 
40 

i1^ 

1%    Xe 

i^i  K 

Double. 
Double. 
Double. 

K.  Andrews. 
W.  W.  Giles. 
Snyder  Bros. 

*  "Riding"  Drag  Saw— Man  Power. 
DATA— BAND  SCROLL  SAW. 


£ 

0 

IB 

•£» 

^ 

! 

T 

3 

a 

S 

a 

B 

_a 

•H 

a 

T 

jj 

1 

s 

1 

8 

5 

V1 

£ 

Inforniant. 

1 

| 

"s 

S 

b 

| 

E 

S 

i 

* 

1 

u 

0 

K 

w 

M 

"o 

1 

0 

M 

A 

is 

i 

1 

i 
S 

Revolu 

"3 

0 

•a 
a 

a 

1 

W 

is 

-M 

§ 

•s 

K 

g 

5 

20 

S 

20 

40 

350 

3665 

2 

3-64 

3-32 

« 

J.  A.  Fay  &  Co. 
Anoka  Lum.  M. 

152 


GEIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 
DATA— BAXI)  KESAW. 


S 

4 

• 

- 

- 

1 

«5 

a          x. 

rf 

a 
1 

$ 

I 

• 

i 

3 
S3 

a 

S          f 

®                   '*- 

I 

5 

S*  ^      u 
;_        ~ 

1  7  s 

g 

- 

-• 

T  |  g    «2 

™ 

1 

0 

Informant. 

**"     ^^    *^i         s 

s 

- 

jj 

^X     —        —      r        *^ 

t-"          o 

t 

—               i    ® 

f    /   £ 

B     J             5 

_o     "3            is 

o 

^ 

| 

3    .£  1 

-*,        o   -c 

£  '"= 

3 

'c         >-. 

i  11  1  1     i 

]3i 

_| 

h 

-S          **i             ?"*     «               S        .S 

—          ™    ^-       ~-     •"*'       "an     "^           « 

^    it  o  o    «  |3    (    w 

w 

PH 

B 

as      £  £    £  5    5  £      <5 

28^    4 

1860    400 

6283  Popiar 

20 

25  12  Single    8  30  400  J^  1V^  %    10  M 

J.  A.  Fay  &  Co. 

40 

s 

1672 

350 

24to48  30  15 

or      1030 

:;:,(  i    1 

9 

!,.;  20  M* 

J.  H.  Hoffman. 

| 

Single! 

* 

Inch  Ixiards. 

DATA— SIXGLK  CCRCULAK  SAW. 


3 

8 

"5 

.- 

ri 

g 

S 

e 

= 

i      a            = 

£ 

-        .        : 

| 

5 

=•        .     ^  ^-  •= 

Inforumiit. 

I 
| 

o 

2 

= 
S 
*» 

8 

(B 

c 

^0 
= 

I                        *   o  .§      «      "« 

"7;                                   ^*    ^4    "S  ,      ^J        * 

.s        w      *  ns  I1   £    !fi 

1            o        S  La  B     *    lie 

•"S  •   S        7 

K     .2          1 
*j     "—          -^ 

•=        3 

to  &o 

s     S 

4                    -=              "tb  =    ^         -3        IS 

•S       ,  .3    S 

:- 

2     S 

.So        §* 

3 

a  o  o  «    M 

fc,              X          S  ^  S       J4       <• 

—      K             O 

Solid 
Solid 

56    5    7  48  600 
60    7    8  60  850 

3%                               «4  30  Single  14  24  600      12  M*  E.  Andrews. 
t      Pine                   '%        Single  16                   50  M     \Vvman,  Buswell  &  Co. 

Inserted 

72    6    872680 

12      Pine             1(1  y.  80  Doub.  18  23  265      50  M     1)  B.  McKae 

Solid 

60    4 

8  64  850 

6      Pine                   %  80  Doub.   20  :«)  850      55  M     F.  McDonongh. 

Solid  or 
Inserted 

GO    5    7  5(i  500 

G      Pine                  %       Doub.   It'. 

Inserted 

60 

6 

7 

400 
34   to 
450 

2        Pine  and     .U(       „.        + 
-        Hemlock     ' 

Hto  13  M  Waterous  Engine  Wks. 

Solid  or 
Inserted 

H 

ft 

• 

44650 

4        Pine                  «^  20  Doub.   1 

8                  50  M     Anoka  Lumber  Mills. 

*  Inch  boards.  f  Unlimited ;  "  Shot-gun  "  steam  feed. 

J  Running  direct  action  every  revolution  of  engine  being  one  of  saw. 

Disston  states  that  for  10,000  feet  per  day  20  HP  are  required ;  for 
20,000  feet,  30  HP ;  for  30,000  feet,  40  HP. 

To  run  a  60-inch  circular  through  a  24-inch  hemlock  or  oak  log 
requires  ordinarily,  according  to  Emerson,  about  10  HP  to  every  one 
inch  of  feed  in  the  revolution  of  the  saw. 

Years  ago  48-inch  circular  saws  were  used  in  our  Western  States, 
driven  by  four  horses  walking  around;  these  sawed  500  to  1200  feet 
of  lumber  a  day,  according  to  kind  and  quality  of  logs. 


H 
H 


M 
W 
P 

pq 

^' 


w 
o 


fe  " 

M    o 


n 

Pj 

J 
<J 


I 

i 
•§ 


O 


General    Percentage   of  Power 
Used 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 

sSgis 

I  ?  P 


153 


Percentage  of  Power  Used 


Square  Feet  of  Lumber  Sawed 
per  Minute 


Indicated  Horse-Power 


Time. 


Square  Feet  of  Lumber  Sawed... 


Number  of  Boards  Sawed 


Size  of  Board  Sawed 


Cut  per  Tooth., 


1  00  OJ  -^  (M  O5  ' 


?".O  ip  t-  ip  CO  00  O3  ip  ip  rH  00  C-l 


- 


Feed. 


Face. 


Teeth. 


Eye. 


Number  of  Teeth.. 


Bevolutioiis  per  Minute. 


Diameter  in  Inches 


Kind  of  Lumber  Sawed. 


11 


i!iS!il3HSi!9S9illi 


Mils 

It!  ii-^j 


^^ 


•  °>S  <*Q    O    O  WO 

:  ®  •O©««^l*a 

!llfeS111'S«3    -  -   -  • 

i|||^^^^|2aaalljo 


APPENDIX  XIII. 


ALPHABETICAL  LIST  OF  U.  S.  SAW  PATENTS  FROM  1790  TO 
Nov.  15,  1879. 


Saw 


«.S.  Anderson       Mav    5  1868     77  43 

Saw.  ( 

E.  Andrews,'     Dec.  79,'  1868,'   85,41 

< 

"           Jan.  24,  1871,111,164 

' 

J.  E.  Atwood,    Dec.  11,  1866,    60,32 

Nov.  12,  1867,    70,68 

J 

J.  G.  Baker,     June  23,  1868,    79,185 

I 

S.Barry,           June  23,  1868,    79,09 

1 

A.  Bee,              Jan.    1,  1867,    69,82 

1 

A.  Boynton,     Nov.  27,  1866,    59,95 

1 

E.  M.  Boynton,  Jan.  14,  1868,    73,22 
W.  E.  Brooks,  Sep.  20,  1870,  107,29 

1 
J 
1 

C.  N.  Brown,  '  Dec.  10,  1872,  133,82 
I.S  &C.N.Brown,  Oct  24,  1865,  50,553 

J 

C 

"        "        "  Jan.  29,  1867,    61,513 

"        "    Mar.  12,  1867,    62,813 

J 

"   Apr.    7,  1868,   76,39o 

"V 

"        "        "   Nov.   2,1869,   96,305 

p 

B.  F.  Burgess,    Sep.  22,  1868,    82,289 

T 

E.  Clark,           Apr.    3,  1849,     6,258 

A 

W.  Clemson,    Aug,  14,  1866,    57,088 

J 

Mar.  24,  1868,    75,733 

I 

"        "            Mar.  16,  1869,    87,910 

G 

S.  Cook,             July  22,  1873,  141,036 

H.  Cramer,        Oct.  19,  1869,    95,884 

E 

K.  Cromelien,  Mar.  28,  1865,   46,996 

V 

S  Crookes,        July  22,  1873,  141,122 

P.  Crosby,          Apr.  10,  1860,    27,779 

J.  Davis,           Jan.    7,  1868,    72,983 

V 

A.  Dawes,         June  27,  1865,    48,376 

C 

H.P.Dillingham,  Dec.  5,  1865,    51,385 

G 

C.  Disston,        Mar.  19,  1867,    63,024 

J 

Apr.  2,    1867,    63,486 

J 

May  21,  1867,    64,953 

D 

Aug,  11,  1868,    80,929 

E 

H  Disston,        Oct.    4,1870,108,011 

D 

Feb.  28,  1871,  112,227 

"i^Hill*  }  Feb'    7>1871>  1H.619 

S 
S. 

E  S.  Drake',      Apr.  11,  1865,    47,255 

C 

W.  L.  Earing,  Nov.    7,  1871,  120,633 

J. 

J.E.  Emerson,  Mar.  20,  1800,    27,537 

J. 

"               July  3,1866,    56,142 

E 

"             Aug.  28,  1866,   57,627 

N 

"             Feb.  12,  1867,   62,020 

A 

"             Mar.  26,  1867,    63,232 

W 

"              July  16,  1867,    66,692 

L 

Feb.  18,  1863,    74,521 

D 

"             May    3,1870,102,520 

P. 

Mar.  14,  1871,  112,569 

E 

Apr.  25,  1871,  113,992 

J. 

"             June  27,  1871,  116,421 

^V 

Feb.    6,1872,123,466 

J.  E.  Emerson  )  v  .  ,„  18fi8    7.  ,99 
&  W.  S.  Winsor  /  *  eb-!8.1868>  74>522 

J. 
G. 

"                      "        "       74,523 

J. 

W.  L.  Gage,      J  au.  17,  1871,  110,966 

T. 

G.  B.Goodnow,  Mar.  29,1870, 101,258 
G.  B.  Green,  Sep.  12, 1871, 118,800 
J.  Holden,  Mar.  5, 1872, 124,268 
E.  Humphrey,  Feb  18, 1868,  74,541 
J.  lluther,  Jan.  2,1872,122.32(1 
M.W.Geflords,  Aug. 22, 1871, 118,370 
N.  Jenkins,  Feb.  2, 1869,  86,407 
M.  Jincks  Mar.  19, 1872, 124,825 
N.  Johnson,  Nov.  12, 1872, 133,036 
II.  Knowles,  Aug.  27, 1850,  7,603 
J.  L.  Kranser,  Dec.  3, 1867,  71,625 
H.  A.  Lanman,  July  20, 1869,  92,846 
J.Lippincott,  Mar.  13, 1866,  53,157 

June  5, 1866,  55,423 
C.V.Littlepage,Apr.  26,  1870, 102,286 

Dec.  19,  1871,  121,950 
J.K.Lockwood,  Nov.  12, 1867,  70,728 

re!}  Aug.  19, 1873, 144,939 

T.  P.Marshall,  May  7, 1872, 126,407 
A.C.Martin&  )  ,  B  lar_  R1  n- . 
J.Woodrough  }  Jan.  8, 1867,  61,014 
E.  Marx,  Nov.  4, 1873, 144,341 

G.  Maulick,  Feb.  9, 1869,  86,850 

July  12,  1870, 105,349 
E.  Miall.jr.,  June  29, 1869,  92,080 
W.  P.  Miller,  Oct.  9, 1866,  58,664 

Sep.  1,1868,  81,811 
"  "  81,812 

W.F.Milliman,  Oct.  4,  1870,  108,040 
C.Mitzelfield,  Aug.  9, 1870, 106,187 
G.B.Montgom'y,Aug.25,1868,  81,525 
J.  Neal,  June  11, 1867,  65,687 

J.  Phillips,  Sep.  27, 1870, 107,808 
D.  Kicker,  Oct.  17, 1871, 119,998 
E.J.Robinson,  Sep.  25, 1866,  58,297 

D.  Sattler,          Aug.  25, 1868,    81,413 

Nov.  14, 1871, 121,007 
S.  Schofield,  May  27, 1873,  139,426 
S.  W.  Shailer,  July  12, 1870, 105,261 
C.T.Shoemaker,June  5,1866,  55,375 
J.  Smith,  Oct.  4, 1870, 107,059 

J.  H.  Smith  &   lSpn21  187q   OKAKO 

E.  G.  Peckham,  /  Sep'21'  1879>  95'°°2 
N.W.  Spaulding,  Sep.10. 1861,   33,270 
A.  P.  Sproul,     Dec.  10, 1872, 133,810 
W.R.Stephenson,  Jul.  30,1867,  67,369 
L.Stewart,        May  16, 1854,    10,932 

D.  Talbot,  Oct.    2, 1860,    30,265 
P.  Thompson,    Aug.  8, 1871, 117,944 

E.  W.  Tilton,      Apr.  2, 1867,    63,581 
J.  H.  Tuttle,      Jun.21,1853,     9,807 
W.  G.  Tuttle,    Jan.    6, 1863,    37,312 

"  Mar.    3,  1863,    37,835 

J.  P.  Tyler,  Juy.  20, 1869,  92,909 
G.  Walker,  Jan.  7, 1868,  73,210 
J.  L.  Warren,  Dec.  8, 1868,  84,722 
T.  Welham,  Jan.  3,1871,110,705 


GRIMSHAW    ON   SAWS. 


155 


Saw  ..................  J.  Woodrough,  May  15,  1866, 

Saw  &  SawTeeth,  J.M.Jolinston,  May  25,  1869, 
Back,  W.  Cleinson,      Oct.  17,  1871, 

Band,  C.  A.  Young,    Jim.    3,  187:*, 

Belt,  D.A.Cameron,  Mar.  21,  1854, 

W.  Carey,          Feb.  17,  1836, 
.  G.  Thompson,  Aug.  25,  1868, 
or  Band,  A.  Stewart,       July    5,  1817, 
Timber,  B.  Barker,         Jan.     6,  1830, 
Buhl  T.  Leavitt,         Dec.  13,  1870, 

Chain,  D.  Kennedy,     Feb.    4,  1868, 

Circular,  S.  Bonnel,  Sep.  26,  1823, 
H.  Disston,  Jan.  14,  1808, 
J.  E.  Emerson,  Apr.  13,  1869, 
J.  F.  Folniar,  Aug.  18,  1808, 
J.  Glove,  Oct.  16,  1839, 

W.  F.  Hill,  July  11,  1818, 
L.  Hitchcock,  Jim.  29,  1833, 
W.Kendall,  jr.,  May  18,  1826, 

J.  Weille  &          1      MorlfilBRQ 

H.S.Robinson,j  Mat.10,1869, 
Circ.orCyln'l,L.  It  Bump,    Aug.  29,  1828, 
Reacting,  W.  Avery,       Dec.     8,  1826, 
Itevolv'g,  T.  Howe,          Feb.  19,  1829, 
Stone,       R.  Deering,  sr.,  Oct.     3,1854, 
Cross-cut,        W.  Clemson,     Aug.  22,  1871, 
S.  S.  Disston,    Jan.  21,  1868, 
P.  Longwell,    July  26,  1870, 
A.M.Leabury,  Nov.  19,  1867, 
Circ  A.  H.  Foote,     July  14,  1830, 
Comp.Rotary,  A.  Stewart,       Sep.  29,  1825, 
Cr'-cut  Steam,  L.  Keirk,         Mar.  27,  1847, 
Cylindrical,     C.  Murdock,    Dec.  25,  1868, 
Drag,  J.  Bailey,          Jun.  30,  1863, 

W.  A.  Purves,  Apr.  21,  1863, 
Hand,  J.  F.  Allen,       Dec.  24,  1807, 

R.  M.  Brecken- 

ridge,  Jan.  23,  I860, 

T.  S.  Disston,  Sep.  23,  1873, 
A.W.Elmer,  July  16,  1807, 
J.  E.  Emerson,  Sep.  22,  1868, 
J.  Gorham,  May  13,  1856. 
J.  Jennings,  Apr.  17,  1809, 
O.  H.  Langdon,  May  30.  1871, 
W.H.Liviugston,Apr.23,1867, 
T.  D,  Roberts,  Apr.  28,  1863, 
E.  R.  Rae,  June  25,  1867, 
D.  Welch  &  W.  I  n  .  0,,1efif. 
W.  Armington  Oct24  1865' 
Wood,  C.  M.  Day, 
Ice,  J.  Barker, 

S.  Scotton, 

Jack,  A.  Whitlock, 

Jig,  I.B.Arthur, 


54,82' 
90,3(>.r 
119.96 
139,044 
10,078 

81,434 


73,238 

88,949 

81,267 

1,372 


0-7001 

87,891 


11,740 
118,198 

73,510 
105,704 

71,227 


5,040 
85,021 
39,028 
38,264 
72,582 

52,131 
143.128 
60,690 
82,29' 
14,863 

115,328 
64,118 
38,338 
60,174 

50,667 


Oct.  9,  1866,  58,010 
Feb.  3,  1838,  590 
Dec.  2,  1856,  16,152 
Aug.  16,  1870,  106,438 
Mar.  23,  1869,  88,114 


T.  Blandin,       June  21,  1870,  104,410 
J.E.Chamberlin,  Oct.27,  1868,    83,362 

B.  Merritt,        Jan.  14,  1873.  134,760 

C.  D.  Moore,     Aug.  15,  1871,  118,041 
A.  F.  Shaw,       Feb.    9,  1864,    41,539 
M.  E.  Weller,    Oct.  14,  1873,  143,650 
A.  H.  Whitney,  Aug.  15,  1871,  118,087 


, 

Planing,          W.  S.  Winsor, 
Reciprocating,  C.  Germann, 
R.  II.  Osgood, 
Mill,  S.  Taner, 
Rotary,  R.  S.  Thomas, 

Round,  Z.  Cox, 

Scroll,  J.  Atkinson, 

J.  Atkinson  & 
W.H.  Kimball, 
G.  L.  Baar, 
C.  M.  Baxter, 
H.  L.  Beach, 
A.  Beekman, 
H.  Bickford, 
15.  J.  Camp, 
A.  D.Campbell, 


33,673 
29,688 
25,214 

18,474 


Nov.  5,  1861, 
Aug.  21,  1870, 
Aug.  23,  1859, 
Oct.  20,  1857, 
July  1.  1836, 
Mar.  14,  1794, 
Nov.  4,  1873,  144,181 

cfin17 
,     »eP-", 

Nov.  19,  1861, 
Sep.  29,  1868, 
Dec.  2,  1873, 
Sep.  8,  1863, 
Feb.  25,  1873, 
Feb.  18,  1868, 
Nov.  21,  1865, 


33,732 
82,585 

145,084 
39,790 

136,207 
74,497 
51,105 


Saw,  Scroll,          T  L.  Cornell!   .        ..,  ,„_,   m087 

AS.Whitlock  }  Aug  15>1871'  117'J87 

W.  H.  Doane,    Jan.  24, 1865,  45,981 

Jan.    7, 1873, 134,650 

W.II.Dobson}Jan-21'm3, 135,099 

W.  Dobson,  Sep.  29,  1863,  82,501 
W.  H.  Dobson,  Jan.  31  1871,  111,328 
W.  Gardner,  Mar.  28, 1871, 113,042 

A.  Girandat,     July   8, 1862,    35,817 

I  C.  A^Fenne"  }  Feb.13,1872, 123,561 
N.  B.  Hadley,  Aug.  9, 1870, 106,153 
F.  H.  Harden- 

bergh,  Jan.  14, 1873, 134,882 

S.  Harrington,  Dec  5, 1865,  51,312 
I.  Hird,  Oct.  3, 1871, 119,517 

H.  H.  Humphrey  I  Mav23  71 115  210 
&H.  Bickford,      f  «"J»»«i"*in» 
R.  McChesney  Apr.  12, 1870, 101,897 
"  Nov.   1, 1870, 108,921 

L.  Miller,  Apr.  18,  1871,  113,907 
G.M.Nickerson,Mar.  8, 1870, 100,551 
M.  G.  Ogden,  July  5, 1870, 105,120 
I.  R  Ritter.  Oct.  24, 1871, 120,326 
J.  W.  Rowling- 
son,  July  22, 1873, 141,080 
A.M.  Schilling,  Nov.  8, 1870, 109,060 
H.  B.  Smith,  Apr.  22,  1863, 138,103 
W.  A.  Sweet,  Jan.  7, 1862,  34,078 
E.  A.  Walker,  May  27, 1873, 139,284 

B,  D.  Wallace,  Aug.  29, 1871.  118,498 
J.  B.  Wright,  Dec.  30, 1873, 146,118 

Whip,  S.  Barber  4  N.  >  T        ,   18f)S 
W.  Tompkins,  }  June  1,1808, 
with  Detach- 
able Teeth,  T.  P.  Marshall,  Mar.  21, 1871, 112,943 
Wood,  R.AA.F.Andrews,  Jan.24,1854, 10,439 

R.  Blake,  Jaly26, 1859,    24,903 

J.Hamilton,    July  31, 1809, 
June  10, 1830, 

A.  Pruyn,          Sep.  11,  1860,    29,991 

Stone,  G.  W.  Cherry,  Aug.    1, 1854,    11,410 

P.  Sweeney,     Aug.  30,  1859,    25  287 

S.Chapman  jr.,  Nov.  29, 1853,    10,281 

4  Marb.,  J.  T.  Bruen,    May    8,1855,    12,813 

W.  Watson,     Aug.    1, 1854,    11,432 

H.H.  White*  lAo018V)     „.„„- 

E.  A.  Gray,    J  Aug'  do>  185a>    ^'^' 

Stone  Cutting 

&  Dressing,  I.  E.  Newton,  June  8, 1869,  91,155 
Endless,  G.  Kammerl,  Dec  1, 1863,  40,757 
for  cut'g  hedge 

for  plashing,  D  Gore,  July  13, 1869,    92,602 

for  cut'g  round 

ti-nons.  rot'y,  C.  Whitsmith,  Sep.  25, 1839,     1,337 
for  cut'g  timb.  J.  Ruthren,    Nov.  30, 1835, 
for  fell'g  trees,  W.  Hunt,        Jan.    6, 1830, 

S.  Warner,        Mar.  22, 1864,    42,034 
making  clap- 1  R.Eastman  A  I  M     ,fi  ,a9n 
boards,  circ., }  J. Jaqnith,      /  Mar-16. 18-J0. 
making  stuff's 

forupholst'g.G  W.  Marble,  July  19, 1870, 105,469 
prepar'g  blocks 

for  matrices,  c.  J.  Morgan,  June  27, 1839,  1,203 
sawing  and 

smooth'g  b'ds,  G.F.Woolston,  Sep.  30, 1851,  8,393 
saw'g  boards  or 

timber,  d'blet.  S.  Dauley,      Jan.  14, 1831, 
sawing  fellies,  G.  Steck,          June  7, 1870, 104,074 
saw'g  fret  holes 

in  fan  sticks,  J.  W.  White,  Oct.  3, 1871, 119.678 
saw'g  mach'y, 

self-setting,  A.  Arnold,        June  24,  1856,    15,163 

sawing  stone,  A.  Eames,         July  27, 1852,     9,147 

J.  E.  Emerson,  Apr.  25, 1871, 113,993 

June   4, 1872,  127,585 

sawing  timber 

annular;        R  Grant,          Oct.    8,  1838,        973 
sawing  timber, 
wood,  etc.;  ch,  P.P.Quimby,  June  3, 1834, 


156 


GRIMSHAW   ON   SAWS. 


For  saw 'g  water  w.,  0.  Willis, 

horiz'tal. 
or  vertical;  rad'l,  A.  Stewart 


Saw, 


Sep.  20, 1853,    10,042  Saw,  Pile, 
Scroll, 
July  5, 1817, 


Circular, 


Diamond, 
Hand, 


Jig, 
Scroll, 

Stone, 

Wabble, 
Mood, 


Band, 

Buhl. 
Butcher's, 
Cross-cut, 
Cylinder, 

Drag, 
Hand, 

Jig, 


Scroll, 
Saw, 


Band, 
Circular, 

Cotton-gin, 
Hand, 

Jig, 


W.  ll.Bentley,  Apr.  14, 1874, 149,562 
J.  W.  Branch,  Mar.  3,  1874, 148,027 
M.  Chase,  July  14, 1874, 152,970 
W.  Clemson,  Feb.  17, 1874, 147,' 
H.  Disston,  May  26, 1874. 151,363 
C.  D.  Lothrop,  Feb.  10,  1874,  147,335 
W.  P.  Miller,  May  19, 1874, 151 ,043 
J.  T.  Tunis,  June  23, 1874, 152,437 
S  H.Vosburgh,  Aug.  11, 1874, 154,104 
E.  Andrews,  Nov.  10, 1874, 156,748 
W.  P.  Hale,  Apr.  14,  1874, 149  748 

I.  Hogeland,     Apr.  21,  1874,  149,932 
J.D.llusbands  jr.  Jan.20,1874, 146,681 

June  23, 1874,  152,378 
G.  Abrame,       June   9, 1874, 151,818 

II.  Disston,       June  23, 1874, 152,347 
H.  Howsou,       Oct.  13,  1874,  155,950 
C.  A.  Fenner,   Nov.   3, 1874,  156,417 
W.  H.  Dobson,  Feb.  24, 1874, 147,913 

C.  T.  Ford,        Mar.  17, 1874, 148,684 
J.T.Husbandsjr.  Jan  20,1874,146,680 

S.  G.  Morrison,  Sep.  22, 1874, 155,165  Saw 

D.  F.  Smith,      Nov.  10, 1874, 156,823 
P.  Painter,       Mar.    3,  1874,  148,239 


, 

W.  P.  Miller,  Oct.  5,1875,168,338 
A.  Newliall,  Mar.  23,  1875,  161,263 
G.  F.  Wood,  Sep.  14,  1875, 167,721 
E.  Brown,  May  18,  1875, 163,296 
W.Millspaugh,  Nov.  23, 1875, 170,181 
J.  E.  Emerson,  Dec.  7, 1875, 170,833 
J-  M.  Pierce  A  I  Aug  17. 1875,166,718 
F.M. Kinsman  J 

H.  H.  Miller,     July  20, 1875, 165,749  Saw 
H.  Disston,        Jan.  19, 1875,  158,921 
'•  Sep.  21,  1875,  167,996 

S.  B.  Fuller,  July  6,  1875, 165,162 
C.  M.  ilayden,  Feb.  2, 1875,  159,412 

E.  J.  Westcott,  Feb.  23, 1875, 160  943 
G.  S.  Williams,  Mar.  30, 1875,  161,583 
J.  M.  Benger    Feb.  23,  1875, 160,144 
W.  H.  Briggs,  Nov.  16,  1875,  170  048 
C.  Albertson,    July  4, 1876, 179,390 
K.M.Boynton  Mar. 28, 1876, 175,330 
J.  E.  Emerson,  Feb. 29,  1876,  174,216 
P.  H.  Edge,       Jan.  11,  1876, 172.003 
11.  Disston,        Sep.  12, 1876,  182,178 

F.  F.  Taylor,    Dec.  12, 1876, 185,363 
C.F  Scattergood.  Aug.  8, 1876, 180,793 


H.Disston  £  C.  l'  Aug  22,1876,181,422 
T.  Shoemaker,  | 

E.H.  Benedict,  Feb  .29, 1876,  174,105 
P.  Hughes,  Mar.  21, 1876, 175,101 
W.  I.  Winne,  May  30. 1876, 177,039 


D.  Bean,  Aug.   1,  1876,  180,523 

J.&W.F.Barnes,  Feb.  1.1876,  172,951 
11.  L.  Beach,  Oct.  3,  1876,  182,743 
H.J.Coi  desman  jr.  May23,  '76,177,621 
P.  G.  Giroud,  July  18,  1876,  179,907 
E  C.Watterman,  Mar.  7, 1876, 174,395 
W.D.Westman,  June  13, 1876, 178,821 
J.  T.  James,  Sep.  25,  1877,  195,610 
Sep.  25,1877,190,062 
July  31,  1877,193,740 
Nov.  6,  1877,  196,850 
June  19, 1877,192,240 

D.  B.  McRae,   Aug.   7,  1877,  193,985 
S.  N.  Poole,  jr.,  June  26, 1877, 192,526 

E.  W.  Tilton,    May  22,  1877, 191,198 

"  Nov.  27,  1877,  197,688 

C.  Disston,  Jan.  30,  1877, 186,814 
L.  Share  &  >  M  15  1877  J90  914 
S.  Y.  Reams,  J 


W.  P.  Miller, 
C.  J.  Wilson, 

Circular,         H.  Disston, 


Hand, 


Jig,  L.T.T.  Stanley,  May  22,  1877,  191,189 

Planing,  I.S.&C.N.Brown,  Nov  20,1877,197,325 
Scroll,  J.  A.  House,  Apr.  10,  1877,  189,461 

Shingle,  J.  Morreau,  Dec.  11, 1877, 198,142 
Tub'l'rGang,  J.  A.  Balch,  Jan.  16,  1877,  186,293 

C.W.Hubbard,  Nov.  12, 1878,  209,810 

R.E.Poindexter,  May28, 1878,  204,369 
Band,  J.  Kraus,  July   9,  1878,  205,876 

Circular,          J.F.Milligan,  Jan.  29, 1878,  199,851 
"         "       199,852 

G.F.&D.Simonds )  Aug.27,'78,207450 

&A.A. Marshall,  f 
Drag,  W.  W.  Giles,     Oct.    1, 1878,  208,472 

F.  Mayrhofer,  June  25, 1878,  205,197 
Hand,  W.  Berney,       Aug.  20,  1878,  207,159 

J.R.Woodrough.  Apr.16.1878. 202,500 
Scroll,  G.  W.  Griffin,    Dec.    3,  1878,  210,421 

Planing,         J.  A.  Robbins,  Jan.    7, 1879,  211,259 

JV A-K£bbinS  &  I  Jan.  14,1879,  211,346 

J.  E.  Bumpus,  \ 

Drag,  W.H.Smyth,    Feb.  11, 1879,  212,278 

Circular,  G.  Schleicher,  Feb.  18,  1879,  212,516 
Jig,  G.  W.  Cary,  "  "  212.355 

Circular,  J.  A.  Miller,  Mar.  4, 1 879,  212,813 
Cotton-gin,  J.  E.  Carver,  Mar.  11,  1879,  213,169 
Circular,  W.  P.  Miller,  Mar.  18,  1879.  213,439 

W.  S.  Hill,        Apr.  16, 1879,  214,389 
214,390 


Fire-w'dDrag,F.B,Haga.  &1  May  c  1879  . 

M.  W.  Henry  J 
Drag,  W.  S  Brewer,  June  10,  1879,  216.374 

T.  B.  Fagan,     June  17,  1879,  216.663 

J.  Showalter,  July     8, 1879,  217,416 
Circular,         T.  Tripp,  "      217;305 

D.  W.  Weaver,  Sep.  23, 1879,  220,008 
Drag,  J.Angspurger  I  Oct- 14  , 879<  202,565 

ocJ.Keimeyer,  J 
Scroll,  C.A.Dearborn,  Oct.  21, 1879,  220,705 


The  above  comprises  all  SAWS  patented  in  the  United  States  from 
1790  to  November  15th,  1879. 
Compiled  by 

JOHN  A.  WIEDERSHEIM, 

Solicitor  of  Patents, 

No.  110  S.  Fourth  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

Through  whom  copies  of  specifications,  drawings  and  claims  may  be 
ordered  and  obtained. 


ADDENDA. 


For  soft  wood,  teeth  such  as  A,  in  the  figure,  answer  well,  the  cut- 
ting edge  being  perpendicular.     For  hard  and  knotty  wood,  the  shape 


should  be  that  of  B  (angle  of  60°,  equally  divided  front  and  back). 
For  miscellaneous  sawing,  sometimes  hard,  sometimes  soft,  C  is  the 
good  form ;  an  angle  of  say  only  40°,  equally  divided  front  and  back. 


The  American  system  of  cutting  to  dimension  in  the  forest  is  a  great 
waste  of  timber;  as  one-quarter  of  the  stuff,  after  squaring,  is  wasted 
in  kerf,  and  by  irregularities  of  seasoning,  warping  and  scratching,  one- 
tenth  more  is  lost,  making  in  all  three-tenths.  When  taken  to  the 
mill  to  be  planed  it  is  so  covered  with  grit,  and  sometimes  with  a 
"  crust "  hard  to  remove,  that  an  English  planer  is  too  light  to  work 
American  stuff.  In  addition  to  this,  lumber  yards  have  to  keep  on 
hand  an  excessive  assortment  of  various  dimensions,  which  a  Euro- 
pean yard  would  saw  to  order. 


CORUNDUM,  the  hardest  of  Nature's  products,  next  to  the  diamond, 
is  sawed  into  blocks  by  the  use  of  Tilghman's  cast  iron  shot.  (See 
Polytechnic  Review,  vol  iv,  p.  149). 

Horace  Greeley,  in  his  account  of  a  brief  tour  in  Europe  taken  by 
him  in  1851,  speaks  of  an  Italian  wood-sawyer,  whose  performance 
attracted  his  particular  attention,  from  the  fact  that,  instead  of  apply- 
ing the  saw  to  the  wood,  he  took  a  stick  of  wood  in  his  hands  and 
rubbed  it  on  the  saw.  Mr.  Greeley  estimated  that  a  sharp  American 
would  saw  as  much  in  an  hour  as  the  Italian  laborer  in  a  week. 


158 


GRIMSHAW  ON  SAWS. 


Strength  of  Band  Saw  Blades.     From  "Polytechnic  Review"  Phila. 

"  Test  of  the  strength  of  eight  specimens  of  Perrin's  Band  Saw 
Blades,  with  brazed  joints,  by  Richards,  London  &  Kelly,  made  on 
Riehle'  Bros.  Testing  Machine,  July  19,  1876  : 


Width  nearest 

Breaking 

Strength  per 

No. 

Thickness. 

Width. 

TV  inch. 

Weight. 

square  inch. 

1 

•0346 

1-05 

i* 

7000 

209,193  Ibs. 

2 

•0353 

•62 

:i 

4000 

182,765    " 

3 

•0365 

•745 

i| 

6000 

220,649    " 

4 

•0337 

1-062 

3000 

83,823*  " 

5 

•0310 

•625 

"T 

2230 

115'090t" 

6 

•0310 

•490 

A 

2000 

131'060f  " 

7 

•0335 

•280 

T&                    20°0 

213,210    " 

8 

•0310 

•094 

A 

485 

16,430    " 

*  Broke  at  end  of  joint. 


f  Broke  across  centre  of  joint. 


"  The  average  strength  of  the  unjoined  pieces  was  446  Ibs.  for  each 
^  inch  in  width,  and  the  strength  of  the  weakest  (which  were  the 
narrowest  also) ,  323  Ibs. ;  while  the  average  strength  through  the 
joints  for  each  y1^  inch  in  width  was  206  Ibs.  per  -^  inch ;  in  the 
weakest,  176  Ibs.  All  the  blades  for  the  ordinary  saws  are  made  of 
No.  19  B.  W.  G.  steel,  and  vary  only  by  the  inequalities  caused  by 
grinding  or  filing  the  joints.  The  knowledge  that  when  a  band  saw 
is  being  strained  to  the  amount  of  175  Ibs.  for  each  ^  inch  in  width 
it  is  strained  to  nearly  its  limit  of  endurance,  may  be  of  some  value  to 
the  makers  and  users  of  band  saws." — John  E.  Sweet. 


"Wyman,  Buswell  &  Co.,  of  Grand  Haven,  Mich.,  write  of  a  steam 
feed  of  18 \  inches  per  revolution  in  a  12-inch  cut,  with  a  Simonds' 
"  unhammered  "  saw  of  58  inches  diameter  and  60  teeth,  with  spring  set. 

Kellogg,  Sawyer  &  Co ,  Leroy,  Mich.,  cut  50,000  feet  per  day  with 
a  72"  solid  saw,  and  have  made  85,310  feet  of  inch  lumber  in  11  hours. 

For  "  trying  the  backbone  of  a  saw,"  Norway  pine  affords  an  excel- 
lent opportunity. 

When  circular  saws  were  first  made  the  mandrel  hole  was  square. 
This  was  the  case  as  late  as  1846  or  1847  with  gin-saws. 


GRIMSHAW   ON  SAWS.  159 

A  HANDY  TABLE. — A  thousand  feet  of  flooring  or  ceiling  will  lay 
800  feet  of  solid  superficial  measure ;  1000  feet  of  siding,  750  feet  • 
1000  feet  of  rustic  siding,  10  inches  wide,  900  feet. 

Nearly  $144,000,000  is  invested  in  the  United  States  in  the  sawn 
lumber  industry  alone,  that  is,  in  making  laths,  shingles  and  boards. 
Wood  forms  the  fuel  of  two-thirds  of  our  population,  and  the  partial 
fuel  of  of  nine-tenths  of  the  remaining  third. 

All  lumber  is  measured  before  planing,  and  is  so  calculated  in  all 
bills. 

Average  green  fir  lumber  weighs  four  and  a  half  pounds  to  the 
foot ;  seasoned,  four  pounds.  Green  cedar  about  the  same  as  fir  sea- 
soned, three  pounds ;  500  feet  of  either  green  fir  or  cedar  is  equal  to 
one  ton.  Green  cedar  shingles  weigh  about  400  pounds  to  the  thou- 
sand ;  dry,  250  to  300. 

Shingles  baled  in  what  are  called  half  bunches  should  overrun,  or, 
in  other  words,  contain  504  shingles ;  quarter  bunches  fall  short  four 
to  the  bale,  or  16  to  the  1000. 


"  By  their  circular,  we  see  that  two  Boynton  brothers,  by  hand,  cut 
off  a  twelve-inch  sycamore  (buttonwood)  log  in  eight  seconds,  before 
Major  General  Meade  and  other  distinguished  men,  at  Independence 
Square,  Philadelphia,  September  1,  1869.  We  also  note,  as  a  proof 
of  the  ease  that  permits  sustained  effort,  the  sawing,  by  hand,  of  twenty- 
six  cords  of  hard  beech,  maple,  elm,  ash  and  hickory  wood  in  eight 
hours  (ten  hours,  including  lost  time)  in  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan, 
Such  work,  by  two  men,  with  one  saw  once  filed,  is  wonderful." — Iron 
Age,  April  7,  1870. 

At  Philadelphia,  July  6,  1876,  an  ash  log,  11  inches  in  diameter, 
was  sawed  off  with  a  4|  foot  two-man  Lightning  Cross-cut,  in  six 
seconds,  which  would  be  at  the  rate  of  a  cord  of  wood  in  four  minutes 
if  it  could  be  prolonged.  June  28th,  before  Dom  Pedro,  a  12-inch 
gum  log  was  sawed  in  seven  seconds. 

"  As  it  costs  five  hundred  or  more  dollars  for  the  labor  that  wears 
out  the  cross-cut  saw,  a  saving  of  one  fifth  by  speed  and  ease  of  an 
improved  saw  saves  the  cost  of  a  dozen." 


Cfl 


CROSS-tUT  SftW, 


WITH.    NEW    IMPROVED    PATENT    HANDLE    AND 
FILE    INSIDE    Off    HANDLE. 

.      3   Z       4,  4',  o,  b      and  C  feet. 


;  iHfcV/     PATENT 

NEW  YORK E.M.BOYNTON'S  PTD.MCH.aa.i876. 

°NE  MAN  CROSS 


(88c.  per  foot.    Price  at  store,  75c. 

E.M.  Boynton's  Lightning  One-Man  Cross-Cut  Saw,  with  new  Patent  Handle  attached,  for  cutting  Wood,. 
Joist,  Logs  and  Timbers,  aud  sawing  down  Trees.  Complete,  read3-  for  use. 

Millions  of  Axes  are  in  use,  where,  by  using  this  Saw,  half  the  time  would  be  saved  and  no  waste  of  fuel 
occur.  The  above  cut  represents  my  One-Man  Saw  with  the  new  Patent  Handle  attached,  and  I  invite 


used  to  be  appreciated. 
N.  B. — Saw  fits  in  iron-grasp  socket  and  can  never  loosen  except  when  turned;  it  is  INSTANTLY  RE- 

MOVABI.E 

With  file  in  each  handle,  which  is  safely  concealed  by  the  Nickel-Plated  Spring  in  bottom  of  handle. 
The  Patent  File  sharpens  two  points  of  tooth  at  once,  the  edge  of  the  file  being  used  to  gum  the  tooth. 

"BoYXTOJi's  SAWS  were  effectually  tested  before  the  judges  at  the  Philadelphia 
Fair,  July  6  and  7.  An  asli  log.  11  inches  in  diameter,  was  sawed  off  with  a 
4V^-foot  lightning  cross-cut,  by  two  men,  in  precisely  6  seconds,  as  timed  by  the 
Chairman  of  the  Centennial  Judges  of  Class  Fifteen.  The  speed  is  unprecedented, 
and  would  cut  a  cord  of  wood  in  4  minutes.  The  representatives  of  Russia,  Austria, 
France,  Italy,  Spain,  Belgium,  Sweden,  England  and  several  other  countries,  were 
present,  and  expressed  their  high  appreciation."  Received  Medal,  Highest  Award  of 
Centennial  World's  Fair,  187C.  $1,000  challenge  was  prominently  displayed  for  six 
months,  and  the  numerous  saw  manufacturers  of  the  world  dared  not  accept  it  or  test 
in  a  competition  so  hopeless. 


c 


E.   M.    BOYNTON'S 

CELEBRATED   PATENTED 

Double  -  Edged  Universal -Sheathed  Sawi 

F03  PEUNIN&  OR  HOUSE  USE. 

For  use  with  or  without  pole.  The  handle  is  provided  with  holes  to  permit 
of  attaching  it  to  the  pole  with  the  use  of  bolts.  The  lightning-edge  teeth 
are  for  cutting  the  limbs,  and  the  back  teeth  for  cutting  off  the  twigs.  Sent 
by  express.  Price  at  store,  N.  Y.,  81. 


SAW    SET. 


Boynton's  Patent  Saw  Set.  No  prying,  wrenching  or  hammering.  Ad- 
justed by  a  single  thumb-screw.  Draw  gauge  backward  for  more  set.  MADE 
OF  SOLID  STEEL.  Price  SI.  Small  size,  for  hand-saws,  8oc.  "A  blind  man 
can  use  them."  Sent  by  mail,  post-paid.  Send  for  circular. 

E.  M.  BOYNTON, 

itole  Proprietor  and.  Manufacturer, 

80  Beekman  St.,  NJW  York. 


JNO.  GREENWOOD  &  CO., 


,   1ST.   "5T. 

MANUFACTURERS   OF 

VERTICAL,  PENDULOUS,  BOLT,  CARRIAGE  AND  HORI- 
ZONTAL SHINGLE  AND  HEADING 

SAWING  MACHINES. 

Stave  and  Heading  Machinery 

OB1    AIjU.    KINDS. 

CROZING    AND    TRUSSING    MACHINES 

For  both  Tight  and  Slack  Barrels. 

Also  setting  up  Forms,  Power  Windlasses,  &e.,  for 
all  kinds  of  work. 


SEND  FOR  CATALOGUE  AND  PRICES. 

ROCHESTER  BARREL  MACHINE  WORKS, 

13S2,  124,  and   ISO   Mill  Street. 


".   4T. 

— MANUFACTURERS    OF — 

MOVABLE  TOOTHED  CIRCULAR  SAWS. 


ALSO, 

PERFORATED  CROSS  CUT  SAWS 


AND 


SOLID  SAWS  OF  ALL  KINDS. 


SEND  FOR  DESCRIPTIVE  PAMPHLET. 


RICHARDSON  BROS: 

CELEBRATED  PATENT  TEMPER  AND  PATENT  GROUND 


SAWS 


OF      EVERY     DESCRIPTION. 
WORKS  AND  WAREROOMS, 

19  to  29  River  St.,  Newark,  N.  J. 

OPP.  CENTEE  ST.  DEPOT,  PENNSYLVANIA  E.  E. 


S 

A 
W 


S 
A 
W 


CIRCULAR,     MILL,    GANG,     CROSS-CUT 
AND    VENEER   SAWS. 

HAND,  PANEL,  RIP,  BUTCHER,  COMPASS,  KEY-HOLE,  BACK, 
AND  SAWS  OF  EVERY  KIND. 

Our    goods    are   universally  u?ed    throughout    the    United 

States    and    several    foreign    countries.       Persons    not 

having  used  our  Saws  should  give  them  a  trial. 


JAFAM0 

ITEO 

B 


•U.FAY&CO.SOLEA(jT$ 

UNITED  STATE. 


PERIN  BAND  SAW  BLADES. 


"KNOW    ALL    MEN    BY    THESE    PRESENTS:        2^tff    W£,    Perin,    PanhttTCi     &    CO.f 

of  Paris,  France,  have  this  day  ivithdraivn  the  agency  for  the  sale  of  our  Band  8(IW 

Blades  from  Messrs.  London,  Or  ton  &  Berry,  successors  to  Messrs.  Richards,  London  fif  Kelley, 
Phila.,  and  appoint  Messers. 

].  A.  FAY  &  CO. 

of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  TJ*  S*  A,,  to  be  our  sole  and  exclusive  agents  for  the  entire  States 
•and  territories  of  the  United  States  of  America,  'with  full  poiuer  to  prosecute  all  infringements  and 
illegal  abuse  of  our  trade  mark.  Made  in  Paris,  France,  Jan.  I,  1878." 


Witness : 

W.  TARAZIN. 


PERIN,  PANHARD  &  CO., 

Successors  to  Perin  fif  Co. 


x**)**<VU*M'VVVVi^VV>'^V'l'VVWWVVVVVl^ 

TRADE    figpEHlN'®  MAHK. ||J 


As  will  be  seen  from  the  above  announcement,  we  have  been  appointed  sole  and 
exclusive  agents,  for  the  United  States,  of  the  celebrated  PERIN  BAND  SAW 
BLADES,  and  can  furnish  any  sizes  and  lengths  that  may  be  required,  joined,  filed 
and  set,  ready  for  use.  Special  sizes  and  lengths,  not  in  stock,  will  be  imported — 
requiring  about  thirty  days  from  receipt  oiTorder.  All  blades  will  bear  the  trade 
mark :  Perin  &  Co.,  on  one  side,  and  J.  A.  Fay  &  Co.,  on  the  other  side.  Genuine 
Perin  Blades  can  only  be  procured  from  us  or  our  authorized  agents. 


CT.    .A..    IF'.A.Y    &c    CO., 

MANUFACTURERS    OP 

BAND    SAWING    MACHINERY, 

VIZ.: 

Band  Log  Sawing  Machines  for  Logs. 

Band  Re-sawing  Machines  for  Lumber. 

Band  Scroll  Saws  for  all  kinds  of  Straight  and  Curve- 
Cutting  required  in  Car  and  Railroad  Shops,  Carriage, 
Wagon,  Sash  and  Door,  Cabinet  and  Agricultural 
Implement  Works,  etc,,  etc. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  PRICES  SUPPLIED  ON  APPLICATION. 


W.  H.  DOANE,  Pres't. 
D.  L.  LYON,  Sec'y. 


J. 


&  CO., 

Cor.  John  Ss  Front  Streets,  CINCINNATI,  OHIO. 


ALL      LENGTHS     AND     WIDTHS 
A     SPECIALTY. 


HARVEY  W.  PEACE, 


Patent  Ground 


CIRCULARS,  CROSS-CUTS,  MILL  IULAY,  GANG, 


land,  land  and  ifefter  Km  Mm, 


ffiMNG  AND  PUNINS  KNIVES, 

: 

FACTORIES: 


BROOKLYN,   E.  D.r  N.  Y. 

i  •  i     


SEND    FOR    ILLUSTRATED    PRICE-LIST. 


SO  EVEI^Y    DESCRIPTION  OF 


T  ile    VL^iltLfkdtttring  Co., 


WEST,  CHELMSFORD,  MASS. 
((See  other*  side.) 


J. 


CINCINNATI,  OHIO,  U.  S.  A. 


-MANUFACTURERS    OF- 


PATENT  IMPROVED  WOOD  WORKING  MACHINERY, 

ATEZ. : 

PLANING,  MATCHING  AND  BEADING  MACHINES,  SURFACE  PLANING 
MACHINES,  MORTISING  AND  BORING,  MOULDING,  TENONING, 
CARVING,  PANELING  AND  SHAPING  MACHINES,  B.AND 
AND  SCROLL  SAWS,  CIRCULAR,  RIPPING  AND 
CROSS-CUTTING  SAWS,  BAND  AND  CIR- 
CULAR RE-SAWING  MACHINES, 
ETC.,  ETC. 

UNIVERSAL  AND  VARIETY  WOOD  WORKERS, 

DESIGNED  FOR  USE  IN 

PLANING  MILLS,  SASH,  DOOR 
and  BLIND  FACTORIES, 

CARRIAGE  WHEEL 

and  SPOKE  FACTORIES, 

AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENT 
WORKS, 


CAR, 

RAILROAD 

and 
BRIDGE  SHOPS. 

FURNITURE 

AND  PABINET  FACTORIES. 
pro,,  £TC. 

Our  Machines  have  received  HIGHEST  AWARDS  at  all  the 
International  Expositions. 

GRAND   COLD   MEDAL  OF    HONOR 


AT  PARIS,  1878. 


CIRCULARS   AND    QUOTATIONS   FURNISHED    ON  APPLICATION. 


0".    -A.. 


W.  H.  DOANE,  Pres't. 
D.  L.  LYON,  Sec  y. 


&    CO. 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO 


10 


PUBLISHED  AT  CHICAGO, 

IS   THE   REPRESENTATIVE   ORGAN   OF  THE   LUMBER   TRADE; 
INVALUABLE   ALIKE   TO 

MANUFACTURERS,  WHOLESALE   DEALERS,   RETAILERS 
AND  CONSUMERS  OF  LUMBER, 


It  gives  quotations  from  all  the  leading  Lumber  Markets,  corrected  weekly, 
together  with  a  condensed  record  of  all  the  Lumber  News  of  the  country. 

TERMS. —  3  a  year,  $1.50  for  six  months,  in  advance.    Sample  copies  free. 

Best  advertising  medium  through  which  to  reach  Lumbermen,  Saw  Mills, 
Shingle  Mills  or  Planing  Mills.  Address 

THE  LUMBERMAN  PUBLISHING  CO., 

dor.  Lake  and  La  Salle  Sts.,  Chicago. 


The  Lumberman's  Hand-Book 

FOB  THE  INSPECTION  AND  MEASUREMENT  OF 

LUMBER  AND  LOGS. 


Second  and  revised  edition.  Contains  full  description  of  Chicago  Wholesale 
Inspection  and  Yard,  Grading  of  Pine,  Hard-wood  Inspection  and  Grading,  together 
with  the  Inspection  Systems  of  Albany,  Saginaw,  St.  Louis,  Minneapolis,  New 
Orleans,  Boston,  Williamsport,  Quebec — in  short,  a  miniature  cyclopedia  of  Lumber 
Inspection,  written  in  a  clear  and  concise  style.  It  also  contains  a  synopsis  of  Doyle's 
and  Scribner's  Log  Kales,  with  an  entirely  new  one  called  "The  Northwestern  Lum- 
berman Log  Rule,"  which  is  acknowledged  to  be  the  only  one  that  will  yield  the 
amount  of  lumber  scaled.  Every  log  buyer  or  seller  wants  it.  Price  only  50  cents. 
Bound  in  flexible  covers,  for  the  pocket ;  neat  and  durable.  For  convenience,  postage 
stamps  will  be  taken  if  nineteen  three-cent  stamps  are  enclosed  to  cover  discount. 

Address 

W.   B.   JUDSON, 

Editor  Northwestern  Lumberman, 

CHICAGO. 


11 


Successor  to  FIBST  &  PRYIBIL, 


MANUFACTURER   OF 


WOOD  WORKING  MACHINERY, 
-      461  to  467  Vest  40th  Street, 


NEW  YORK. 


JIG   SAWS, 
CIRCULAR  SAWS, 

PLANERS,  JOINTERS,  BUSS  PLANERS,  fto, 


DOUBLE-SPINDLE  BORING  MACHINES,  ' 

Piano-action    Machinery  and    Turning    Lathes 
for  Wood  or  Brass.        % 


O-  El  ^T  IE 

For  Furniture,  Piano  and  Carriage  Manufacturers. 

SHAFTING,     PULLEYS,     HANGERS,    &,C. 

OF    THE    LATEST    IMPROVED    STYLES. 


12 


SOLE  MANUFACTURERS  OF 


HAVING  THE  INCREMENT  CUT. 


ALSO, 


"Nicholson  File  Co/s"  Files  and  Rasps, 
"Double  Ender"  Sawfiles, 

"Slim"  Sawfiles, 
"Racer"  Horse  Rasps, 

Handled  Rifflers, 

Machinists'  Scrapers, 

File  Brushes,  File  Cards, 

Surface   File   Holders, 

Vise  File  Holders, 

Stub   Files   and   Holder, 

Improved  Butchers'  Steels. 


7  aid  Offices  at  Providaacs,  E.  L,  I.  S, 

EXECUTIVE  OFFICERS : 
W,  T,  NICHOLSON,  Pres't,  GEO,  NICHOLSON,  Treas. 


Incorporated  1864. 


Capital  Stock,  $4OO,OOO. 


13 

sT  ZPTJIBLISSIBID, 


A  MANUAL  OF  POWER 


FOR 


MACHINES,  SHAFTS,  AND  BELTS, 

With  a  History  of  Cotton  Manufacture  in  the 
United  States. 


By  SAMUEL  WEBBER,  C.E. 

This  work  contains  over  1200  tests,  up  to  date,  of  the  Power 
required  by  Cotton,  Woollen,  Worsted,  and  Flax  Machinery,  Shafting, 
and  Tools,  with  Summaries  of  the  Machines  and  Power  used  in  a 
number  of  Cotton  Mills  on  various  fabrics. 

Bules  and  Tables  for  strength  and  speed  of  Shafting  and  Belting. 
Corrected  Tables  of  the  Centennial  Turbine  tests,  at  Philadelphia,  1S76. 
Breaking  and  Twist  Tables  for  Yarn  and  Roving. 
Historical  sketch  of  the  growth  of  the  Cotton  manufacture  in  the  U.  S. 

The  whole,  with  an  explanatory  preface,  forming  an  octavo  volume 
of  236  pages,  neatly  bound  in  cloth. 

-    -    -     $3.50. 


Copies  sent  by  mail,  free  of  postage,  on  receipt  of  price. 
Address  CLAXTOtf,  BEMSEN  &  HAFFELFINGER, 

624,  626,  628  Market  St.,  Philadelphia. 

AMERICAN  MECHANICAL  DICTHIUT. 

A  Descriptive  Word  Book  of  Tools,  Instruments,  Machines,  Chemical  and 
Mechanical  Processes;  Civil,  Mechanical,  Railway,  Hydraulic  and  Military  Engi- 
neering. A  History  of  Inventions;  General  Technological  Vocabulary;  and  Digest 
of  Mechanical  Appliances  in  Science  and  the  Industrial  and  Fine  Arts.  By  EDWARD 
H.  KNIGHT,  A.M.,  Civil  and  Mechanical  Engineer.  3  volumes,  8vo.  Sold  only  by 
Subscription.  Cloth,  per  set,  $24.00;  sheep,  $27.00;  half  morocco,  $30.00. 

"  Invaluable  to  mechanics  and  engineers." — K.  M.  HOE. 

"It  is  more  an  encyclopoedia  than  a  dictionary ;  it  is,  in  fact,  a  mechanical  and 
scientific  library,  carried  up  to  the  latest  dates. — Scientific  American. 

HOUGHTON,  OSGOOD  &  CO,,  Publishers,  Boston, 


14 

NEW  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS. 

COOPER.— A  Treatise  on  the  Use  of  Belting  for  the  Trans- 
mission of  Power.  With  numerous  illustrations  of  approved  and  actual  methods  of  arranging  Main 
Driving  and  Quarter  Twist  Belts,  and  of  Bolt  1'astenings.  Examples  and  Rules  in  great. number  for 
exhibiting  and  calculating  the  size  and  driving  power  of  Belts.  Plain,  Particular,  and  Practical  Direc- 
tions for  the  Treatment,  Care,  and  Management  of  Belts.  Descriptions  of  many  varieties  of  Beltings, 
together  with  chapters  on  the  Transmission  of  Power  by  Ropes;  by  Iron  and  Wood  Frictional  Gearing; 
on  the  Strength  of  Belting  Leather;  and  on  the  Experimental  Investigations  of  Morin,  Briggs,  and 
others.  By  JOHN  H.  COOPER,  M.E.  1  vol.,  demi  octavo,  cloth.  $3.50. 

WEBBER.— A  Manual  of  Power  for  Machines,  Shafts,  and 

Belts.  With  the  History  of  Cotton  Manufacture  in  the  United  States.  By  SAMUEL  WEBBER,  C.E. 
This  work  contains  over  1200  tests,  up  to  date,  of  the  Power  required  by  Cotton,  Woolen,  Worsted,  and 
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Yarn  and  Roving;  Historical  sketch  of  the  growth  of  the  Cotton  manufacture  in  the  U.  S.  The  whole, 
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ROPER. — Handbook  of  Modern  Steam  Fire-Engines. 

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ROPER. — Use  and'Abuse  of  the  Steam  Boiler, 

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ROPER'S  Engineer's  Handy  Book. 

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BILGRAM. — Slide-Valve  Gears.    A  new  graphical  method 

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SPANG  — A    Practical    Treatise    on    Lightning    Protection. 

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DANBY. — Practical  Guide  ,to  the  Determination  of  Minerals 

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HOBSON. — The  Amateur  Mechanic's  Practical  Hand-Book. 

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OVERMAN. — Mechanics  "  for    the    Millwright,     Engineer, 

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WHITE. — The    Elements    of    Theoretical    and    Descriptive 

Astronomy,  for  the  use  of  Colleges  and  Academies.  By  CHARLES  J.  WHITE,  A.M.  Numerous  illustra- 
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15 

NEW  SCIENTIFIC  BOOKS. 


GRIMSHAW — OnSaws.   History,  Development  and  Action; 

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leading  classes  of  Reciprocating  and  Continuous  Acting  Saws,  the  various  kinds  of  large  and  small  Hand, 
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this  country  and  abroad.  With  Appendices  concerning  the  details  of  Manufacture,  Setting,  Swaging, 
Gumming,  Filing,  etc.;  Tables  of  Gauges,  Log  Measurements  from  10  to  24  feet,  and  from  12  to  96  inches, 
Lists  of  all  U.  S.  Patents  on  Saws  from  1790  to  1880,  and  other  valuable  information.  Elegantly  printed 
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RIDDELL. — The  Carpenter  and  Joiner  Modernized. 

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TRAUTWINE.— A    New    Method    of  Calculating  the  Cubic 

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TRAUTWINE  —The  Field  Practice  of  Laying  out  Circular 

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16 
"COOPER  ON  BELTING." 

A  TREATISE  ON  THE  USE  OF  BELTING  FOR  THE  TRANSMISSION  OF  POWER.  With 
numerous  illustrations  of  approved  and  actual  methods  of  arranging  Main  Driv- 
ing and  Quarter  Twist  Belts,  and  of  Belt  Fastenings.  Examples  and  Rules  in 
great  number  for  exhibiting  and  calculating  the  size  and  driving  power  of  Belts. 
Plain,  Particular,  and  Practical  Directions  for  the  Treatment,  Care,  and  Manage- 
ment of  Belts.  Descriptions  of  many  varieties  of  Beltings,  together  with  chapters 
on  the  Transmission  of  Power  by  Ropes ;  by  Iron  and  Wood  Frictional  Gear- 
ing; on  the  Strength  of  Belting  Leather;  and  on  the  Experimental  Investiga- 
tions of  Morin,  Briggs,  and  others  for  determining  the  Friction  of  Belts  under 
different  tensions,  which  are  presented  clearly  and  fully,  with  the  text  and  tables 
unabridged.  By  JOHN  H.  COOPER,  M.E.  One  vol,,  demi  octavo.  Cloth, 
$3.50.  The  Publishers  will  send  copies  by  mail,  postage  prepaid,  on  receipt  of 
price. 


WHAT  THKY  SAY  OF  IT. 

"It  contains  a  great  deal  of  much- needed  information." — BROWN  &  ALLEN,  N.  Y. 

"A  useful  and  instructive  volume,  typographically  creditable." — JAS.  CHRISTIE,  Philadelphia. 

"  It  collects  in  the  simplest  manner  the  opinions  of  practical  and  theoretical  men." — R.  BBIGGS,  M.E., 
Philadelphia. 

"It  contains  everything  that  need  be  said  on  this  important  subject." — II.  HOWSON,  M.E.,  Philadelphia. 

"We  confidently  welcome  it  as  the  standard  treatise  on  belting." — POLYTECHNIC  REVIEW,  Philadelphia. 

"You  have  studied  clearness  instead  of  mystification." — J.  C.  TRAUTWIXE,  C.E.,  Philadelphia. 

"  More  to  be  found  in  your  book  upon  this  subject  than  in  all  the  world  beside." — PROF.  J.  E.  SWEET, 
Cornell  University. 

"A  thorough  and  complete  treatise  on  the  subject  of  belting." — SCIENTIFIC  AMERICAN,  N.  Y. 

"This  work  is  exhaustive  in  character,  and  creditable  to  author  and  publishers." — AM.  R.  R.  JOURNAL, 
N.  Y. 

"  Fully  illustrated  in  every  respect,  and  a  most  valuable  contribution  to  technical  literature." — LEFFEL'S 
MILLING  NEWS,  Springfield,  0. 

"A  complete  treatise,  embracing  every  variety  of  transmitting  power  by  belts  and  ropes." — J.  W.  NYS- 
TROM,  M.E.,  Philadelphia. 

"  Written  in  the  plainest  language ;  easiest  book  to  understand  I  ever  read." — G.  V.  CRIPPS,  Philadelphia. 

"  An  encyclopedia,  eighty  illustrations, and  numerous  tables  of  great  value." — N.  AMERICAN,  Philadelphia. 

"Comprehensive,  practical  work,  the  careful  study  of  which  would  save  millions  of  dollars  annually." — 
E.  S.  WICKLIN,  Millwright,  Wis. 

"This  work  has  a  good  index;  use  of  belting  explained  in  clear  language." — PRESS,  Philadelphia. 

"The  mass  of  facts  and  figures  presented  cover  every  point  of  theory  and  practice.  It  includes  infor- 
mation from  every  available  source;  a  valuable  assistant.'' — N,  W.  LUMBERMAN,  Chicago,  111. 

"I  consider  it  a  most  valuable  contribution  to  technical  literature." — PROF.  A.  BEARDSLEY,  Swarthmore 
College,  Pa. 

"  A  very  admirable  and  exhaustive  treatise."— HON.  ELLIS  SPEAR.  Commissioner  of  Patents,  Washington, 
B.C. 

"  '  Use  of  Belting '  supplies  a  want  long  felt  by  all  mechanical  engineers."— TAWS  &  HARTMAN,  Engineers, 
Philadelphia. 

"  The  need  for  such  a  book  as  this  has  long  been  manifest." — VAN  NOSTRAXD'S  ECLECTIC  MAG.,  N.  Y. 

"  The  most  complete  collection  of  rules,  tables,  and  statistics  upon  the  use  of  belts  now  in  print."— JOUR- 
NAL OF  FRANKLIN  INSTITUTE,  Philadelphia. 

"No  intelligfnt  man  can  read  your  book  carefully  without  informing  himself  pretty  thoroughly  as  to 
what  can  actually  be  done  with  belting."— SAMUEL  WEBBKR,  M.H.,  Manchester,  N.  H. 


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